How Exercise Is Improved By Executing Aerobic Exercise

Exercise has been associated with many different kinds of positive effects in individuals. For example, physical and mental disorders occur less in individuals who exercise (Hillman, Erickson, Kramer, 2008). A more recent idea is that exercise is associated with increased cognitive performance (Hogan, Mata, Carstensen, 2013). Different aspects of exercise and memory have been studied. One study showed that running had a positive effect on vocabulary learning (Griffin, Mullally, Foley, Warmington, O Mara, Kelly, 2011). Another illustrated how working memory is improved by executing aerobic exercise (Quelhas Martins , Kavussanu , Willoughby , Ring , 2013). Cognitive performance on the Stroop test was also increased following a high†¦show more content†¦The altered brain activity in children who exercise could be a prime example of how the difference in brain activity after exercising could improve memory consolidation. The current view on memory formation is that there is first a learning phase, an intermediate phase, and then consolidation of the information, which results in long-term memory (Snigdha, Rivera, Milgram, Cotman, 2014). If exercise has been proven to improve performance at the first two phases, then consolidation of the information should be improved as well. A recent study determined the effects of aerobic exercise and memory consolidation in canines. The results showed that there was enhanced consolidation in the canines that exercised prior to performing the different memory tasks (Snigdha, 2014). Although this experiment was done with canines, it is one of the few that has directly associated memory consolidation and exercise. The improved performance in consolidation of canines could very well have the same outcome in humans too. One issue that could be troubling while studying effects of exercise and memory is determining whether it is state dependent or not. Since the brain i s aroused while learning the new information after exercising, the information could be better retrieved following exercise as well. It is important to determine whether or not it is state dependent. The assumption is that memory is consolidated much better when exercise is performed prior toShow MoreRelatedSummary on Aerobic and Anaerobic Endurance in Badminton2942 Words   |  12 Pagesof energy to quickly move around the court, deliver effective shots and sustain a match. Knowing how this energy is generated is crucial.All other things being equal, the player with more stamina will most likely win a match in baminton. This is because while good stroke skills, effective shot placements and fast footwork are important characteristics in a good player, fitness is necessary in executing and sustaining these movements for the duration of a match. 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IPFU - Improved Physical Fitness Uniform ................... Chain of Command ................................... Leadership ......................................... Counseling ......................................... NCO Duties, Responsibilities and AuthorityRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesSummary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture Affect Organizational Practices? 30 Point/Counterpoint Lost in Translation? 31 Questions for Review 32 Experiential Exercise Workforce Diversity 32 Ethical Dilemma Jekyll and Hyde 33 Case Incident 1 â€Å"Lessons

Vatican City Essay - 645 Words

Vatican City Vatican City is a country of religion. A mere .44 square kilometers in total, the city-state is the central hub for the governing body of the Catholic faith; thousands of followers worldwide come annually to view the numerous artistic masterpieces and visit the center of their beliefs. Religion is found in virtually all aspects of Vatican City and can be seen in its culture, politics, and economy. The culture of Vatican City is dominated by religious aspects and traditions. For one, the identity of the city-state in itself is religious and not national; it presents itself transnationally and universally to represent all members of the Church. Virtually 100% of residents are Roman Catholic, whether they be priests, nuns, or†¦show more content†¦Most official positions are held by men, due to the fact that, according to the Catholic faith, women may not be ordained as priests. This shows that even one of the oldest practices of the Church is still held rigorously. Finally, suf frage is given only to cardinals--leading dignitaries of the Church--in the event of the death of a Pope and the election of a new one, emphasizing, once again, the strong pious ties the people have with politics. Ultimately, the people of Vatican City are politically bound to their religious dogmas. Lastly, Vatican City may be described as a country of religion economically. For one, in general, its economy is supported by all things religious--not only does the city-state receive numerous donations from Catholic institutions and individuals, but the tourism industry attracts over 4.1 million visitors annually, with many coming to see the Pope or attend mass at St. Peter’s Basilica. This shows that in general, Vatican City depends on the Catholic religion and its millions of followers globally to support it financially and operate efficiently. In terms of occupations, most citizens are either priests, nuns, or lay workers, attesting to the fact that everyone living inside th e walls works for the benefit of the Catholic Church. All in all, the economy of Vatican City is solely based on supporting itself and the Church by religious means. In conclusion, the city-state of Vatican City may be bestShow MoreRelatedVatican City Of Rome s Basilica The Home Of Pope Francis1400 Words   |  6 Pages VATICAN CITY The Sistine Chapel †¦ St. Peter’s Square †¦ Saint Peter’s Basilica †¦ The home of Pope Francis., What do all these famous places have in common? They are all in The Vatican City. Vatican City, an independent state within the city of Rome, is ruled by the Pope and is the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church. (Ruhl 1) (Blake 2) Vatican city, the smallest country, has the smallest population in the world. The Vatican stamps their own coins (Ruhl 3). The full nameRead MoreVatican City Of Rome s Basilica The Home Of Pope Francis1398 Words   |  6 Pagesare all in The Vatican City. Vatican City, an independent state within the city of Rome, is ruled by the Pope and is the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church. (Ruhl 1) (Blake 2) Vatican city, the smallest country, has the smallest population in the world. The Vatican stamps their own coins (Ruhl 3). The full name of the country is the State of Vatican City, and it is the spiritual and governing center of the Roman Catholic Church. Vatican is usually referred to as a City State and oftenRead MoreHistory and Origin of the Vatican City1337 Words   |  5 PagesHistory of Vatican and Vatican City: Vatican is regarded as the most ancient religious and political institution that exists in the modern world because of its antique history. In addition to being the most ancient political and religious institution, Vatican is the seat of independent, sovereign, and Free State of Catholic Churchs Government. Actually, this institution is the shrewdest diplomatic-political power across the globe with its diplomatic quality being the most important worldwide. TheRead MoreVatican City, Mecca and Jerusalem1012 Words   |  4 Pagesprofess their faith. Vatican City is a very important and sacred site for Christians, as Mecca is for Muslims, but one site that is holy for both of these religions is Jerusalem, the most holy city in the world. Vatican City, Rome is the location where Christianity was born. Vatican city (Citta del Vaticano), the papal residence, was built over the tomb of Saint Peter. 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The majority of visitors to Rome are happy to see the Vatican, St. Peters Basilica, or the Coliseum; little do they know that there is so much more to be seen. While researching our trip that we would make to Rome, I discovered a part of St. Peter Basilica that is rarely seen by most tourists. Because of research, determination, and good old American persuasion, this ledRead MoreTheme Analysis: Angels and Demons by Dan Brown1518 Words   |  7 Pagesdetonation in an unknown site of the Vatican City; The same Vatican City where the pope had recently died and where all of the head catholic cardinals from around the world were gathering to select a new pope. Langdon now assumes that the Illuminati, who are clearly behind the Vetras death, ar e attempting to destroy their long-time archenemy, the Catholic Church. Langdon then teams up with Vetras daughter, Vittoria Vetra, to attempt to save the Vatican City. Vittoria Vetra is driven by two thingsRead More Pope Pius XIIs Neutrality Essay1964 Words   |  8 PagesWar II became a moral obligation rather than a fight for power. The Allied powers, Nazi resistance group, and even some Catholic groups invaded Germany to not only save Jews, but also to force the Nazis out of power in Germany. Surprisingly, the Vatican did not assist these resistance groups. Pope Pius XII neglected to help Jewish Holocaust victims and cowardly ignored the moral issue in order to remain neutral, avoid conflict in the war, and avoid the persecution of more Catholics. Since PopeRead More Angels and Demons by Dan Brown Essay1301 Words   |  6 PagesMassachusettes to Rome, Italy where Vatican City is located. The story takes place from underground tunnel systems and secret society dungeons and lairs, to the inside of famous architectual feats such as the Vatican Archives. Was the setting very important or not so important to the events of the story? Yes, the setting was absolutely crucial for this novels plot and storyline. With the entire story devoted to the Catholicism and its root of power, Vatican City had to be the setting for this excitingRead MoreItaly Is The Poster Child For Anti Terrorism?1285 Words   |  6 Pagesa peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea. Italy borders four countries, France to the west, Switzerland and Austria to the north, and Slovenia to the east. It is known for its many attractions, including the Leaning Tower of Pisa, the Vatican, and the Colosseum. Considering these attractions, and it’s location, Italy’s ability to avoid the threat that is the ISIS extremist group has other countries taking notes. The Italian Government has succeeded thus far when it comes to not only preventing

Health Benefits of Fruits and Vegetables †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Health Benefits of Fruits and Vegetables. Answer: Introduction: The Australian Dietary guidelines provide guidance to the consumption of various types of food across different age groups. For my age category, the guideline recommends 6 servings of vegetables and 2 servings of fruits each day. However, the consumption of fruits and vegetables chiefly depends on their availability, due to which it is important to include a wide variety in the fruits and vegetables consumed. My consumption of Fruits and Vegetables and Reflections on national Guidelines: Based on the three day dietary history record, my dietary intakes included: 1 serving of fruit and 2 servings of vegetables on day 1 3 servings of fruit but no vegetable on day 2 2 servings each of fruits and vegetables on day 3 The dietary intake is in accordance to the Australian Dietary Observations, which showed that Australians need to consume more vegetables and fruits, especially oranges, broccoli, sweet potato, leafy vegetables, lentils and capsicum. Also, Australia is a developed country, due to which accessibility to a wide array of affordable and nutritious food can be improved. However, factors like workplace conditions, accessibility and affordability often are a challenge towards the access of quality food as well as to the intake of fruits and vegetables. The strategies that I can utilize to improve my consumption of fruits and vegetables includes purchasing fresh as well as frozen fruits and vegetables to ensure at least 2 servings of each in every meal and including fruits as a part of the deserts and also as a part of snacks (between main meals). According to studies, fruits and vegetables are important dietary components due to the high content of dietary fiber as well as different types of vitamins, minerals and complex phytochemicals (Slavin Lloyd, 2012). Restricted or inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables have also been shown to be related to the occurrence of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the recommended servings of fruits and vegetables are aimed to lower such risks and prevent their occurrence (Payne et al., 2012). The quiz score shows a need for effective strategies to increase the consumption of fruits and vegetables, in compliance to the Australian Guidelines on dietary intake. A key factor to ensure this is by increasing the variety in the consumption of low density vegetables which can increase the intake of fiber. Also, consumption of a plateful of vegetables during meals, or increasing the size of the servings can also increase vegetable consumption in each serving. Another method of increase the consumption of fiber is by consuming cold dishes which includes different types of fruits and vegetables as garnishing. This way, cereals and other proteins can be garnished with a mixture of different types of vegetables and thus ensure maximum intake. Also, heavy garnishing can include items such as grated carrots, marinated root vegetables and increasing the ratio of fruits and vegetables compared to the intake of meat and proteins can further maximize the intake of dietary fiber in mixed dishes. For meals served hot, meat stews and stick fries containing mixed vegetables and fruits can incorporate additional flavors to the food and also reduce the quantity of food consumed (Wang et al., 2014). Furthermore, including fruits and vegetables in snacks at work place can also help to ensure that I consume the required daily amount of servings. Studies have also shown that consumption of fruits and vegetables in the workplace can help to improve the behavioral and environmental factors which affect their intake (Miller et al., 2016). Other studies have shown that inclusion of vegetables in meals can help to limit the intake and effect of variety of foods (Leenders et al., 2015). Such a condition further depends on the perceptions of an individual which influences the degree of satiation and also can account for their differences among people. Therefore, to ensure an overall improvement in my dietary intake, including both fruits and vegetables and increasing the overall servings can be effective strategies to meet the required dietary intake as recommended by Australian Heath Department (Australian Dietary Guidelines, 2013). Social and Cultural Determinants that affects my intake of fruits and vegetables: It is well understood that consumption of fruits and vegetables is vital to supply the required amounts of carbohydrates, fat, protein and minerals in our diet. The nutritional values of fruits and vegetables are further increased by their overall micronutrient content. Also, regional factors like the distribution of fruits and vegetables also have shown to have differential effects. Also, the effects on the national culture as well as social aspects are also significant since it is related to the habits of the individual as well as the society over a length of time. This makes the assessment of the contributing factors very difficult and challenging to analyze (Dijikstra et al., 2018). Healthy consumption of fruits and vegetables also can signify a happy life, and is therefore an important strategy towards healthy living. The change in the patterns of consumption can also be related to improvement in the social life, eating behaviours of individuals and consumption of traditional food. Hence the social constructs of food choices and lifestyle can have significant effect in the trend and the patterns of food consumption (Fernandez-Alvira et al, 2015). The Socio-cultural aspects also have immense effect on the selection, purchase and the consumption of this food by affecting the eating behaviour of individuals. Also factors like gender, employment, economic status, social status, marital status can have a direct effect in the intake of food and plays a vital role in the selection of food in a global scale (Antin, 2012). These findings show how socio cultural factors can affect my overall consumption of fruits and vegetables. These factors also can determine my attitude, habits and disclosure related to food choice, consumption and eating habits. These also had significant influence on me since my childhood, hampering the goal of achieving the recommended dietary intake of food (Drewnowski, Adam Colin, 2015). Thus it is imperative that food choices to be properly informed, and decisions related to diet choices should be based upon the psychosocial factors, cultural background and the overall equilibrium of other factors that influences the eating habits of people. At a personal level, my dietary choices are also affected by my lifespan, nutritional habits and also by immediate environment. To overcome the economic constraints in the purchase of food, it can be helpful to identify different types of fruits and vegetables which have high nutritional value while being easy to access and at a cheaper price. This can help to bridge the gap between the dietary requirements and the affordability of quality food (Darmon Adam, 2015). Understanding the social determinants that influences my food selection process, it is vital that I ensure that my socio economic factors do not affect my selection of food, and enable the maintenance of the quality of food intake related to fruits and vegetables. Adopting nutrition sensitive and nutrition aware culture and adhering to the dietary recommendations can be key components in the process of adopting a healthy food habit. There is also the need to improving the eating behaviors, since it also affects my social life. Incorporating dietary habits which increases the intake of fruits and vegetables without the prejudice of peers can be the key to enhance the nutrition status and thus my overall health. Since culture has an impact on the choice of food, I intend to embrace the culture of involving serving of fruits and vegetables in my daily meals and thus improve my score by consuming at least 6 servings of vegetables and 2 servings of fruits every day and thereby achieve a g ood nutrient status in my regular diet, and ensure maximum benefit from the dietary change. References: Antin, T. M., Hunt, G. (2012). Food choice as a multidimensional experience. A qualitative study with young African American women. Appetite, 58(3), 856-863. Australian dietary guidelines, ministyr of health, (2013). Accssed at https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/guidelines-publications/n55 On 19/04/2018. Darmon, N., Drewnowski, A. (2015). Contribution of food prices and diet cost to socioeconomic disparities in diet quality and health: a systematic review and analysis. Nutrition reviews, 73(10), 643-660. Dijkstra, S. C., Neter, J. E., Brouwer, I. A., Huisman, M., Visser, M., van Lenthe, F. J., Kamphuis, C. B. (2018). Socio-economic differences in the change of fruit and vegetable intakes among Dutch adults between 2004 and 2011: the GLOBE study. Public health nutrition, 1-13. Drewnowski, A., Rehm, C. D. (2015). Socioeconomic gradient in consumption of whole fruit and 100% fruit juice among US children and adults. Nutrition journal, 14(1), 3. Fernndez-Alvira, J. M., Brnhorst, C., Bammann, K., Gwozdz, W., Krogh, V., Hebestreit, A., ... Veidebaum, T. (2015). Prospective associations between socio-economic status and dietary patterns in European children: the Identification and Prevention of Dietary-and Lifestyle-induced Health Effects in Children and Infants (IDEFICS) Study. British Journal of Nutrition, 113(3), 517-525. Leenders, M., Siersema, P. D., Overvad, K., Tjnneland, A., Olsen, A., Boutron?Ruault, M. C., ... Boeing, H. (2015). Subtypes of fruit and vegetables, variety in consumption and risk of colon and rectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. International journal of cancer, 137(11), 2705-2714. Miller, V., Yusuf, S., Chow, C. K., Dehghan, M., Corsi, D. J., Lock, K., ... Mony, P. (2016). Availability, affordability, and consumption of fruits and vegetables in 18 countries across income levels: findings from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study. The Lancet Global Health, 4(10), e695-e703. Payne, M. E., Steck, S. E., George, R. R., Steffens, D. C. (2012). Fruit, vegetable, and antioxidant intakes are lower in older adults with depression. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 112(12), 2022-2027. Slavin, J. L., Lloyd, B. (2012). Health benefits of fruits and vegetables. Advances in nutrition, 3(4), 506-516. Wang, X., Ouyang, Y., Liu, J., Zhu, M., Zhao, G., Bao, W., Hu, F. B. (2014). Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Bmj, 349, g4490.

Terrorist Groups in Turkey

Overview There are small upcoming groups conducting terror in Turkey. However, the Turkish government fails to officially acknowledge them because there are inconclusive and barely cause substantially threat (Ker-Lindsay Cameron, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Terrorist Groups in Turkey specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Because of this, the Turkish National Police (2013) has only designated four groups as terrorist groups falling under three categories; separatists, left wing and terrorist groups that exploit religion. These terror groups include Al Qaeda, Hezbollah, DHKP/C and PKK/KCK. Although quite a few in number, these groups have caused increased terror attacks in Turkey by conducting bombings, kidnappings, road blockings, assassinations and illegal street demonstrations among other attacks. This has often necessitated the Turkish government to improve the local emergency response to save the increa sed number of life and property lost during the terror attacks. Markedly, in the year 2012 alone, besides innocent civilians, the government lost over 132 military personnel to terror attacks. According to Roach (2003), knowing a terror group’s goals, objectives or mission provides a strong basis for countering terror attacks because the government can anticipate and calculate the probable moves of the terrorists. With this in mind, this paper discusses the goals, objectives and missions of these terror groups to shed light on them and show the possibility of an effective strategy for countering terrorism in Turkey. DHKP/C or the Revolutionary People’s Liberation Party/Font Sevinc (2008) notes that DHKP/C mission is overthrowing the regime that exists in Turkey aided by a violent revolution to set up a communist society using Marxist-Leninist principles as a guide. To become successful in its mission, the group, through a series of successful terrorism operations in Tu rkey has attained one of its goals, which is to establish a centre in European countries with dense Turkish populations. Another key goal to help it achieve its mission includes developing public riots led by armed struggle in rural and urban area. In addition to this, the group’s goal is targeting Israeli, European and American enterprises, which the group perceives as global imperialism advocates who sabotage communism. This also goes for targeting government officials to weaken the Turkish government, such as in the case of year 2009 Suicide Bombing, a failed bombing attack targeting the Minister of justice. The key objective of the group is attaining its goals through conducting assassinations, armed attacks and laying bomb traps for their presumed enemies.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Al Qaeda As a religion motivated terror group, Al Qaeda’s mission is o verthrowing Muslim governments that it perceives as Western world puppets, and to setting up Islamist regimes. To attain its mission, Sevinc (2008) notes that the group’s key goal is attacking US and US allies whom it perceives as the enemies of the Islamic religion. By doing so, the group believes that it contributes to establishing an Islamist State in the county. To attain its goal, the group has several objectives, which are bombing and conducting suicide attacks on the US and its allies citizens and interests present in Turkey. For instance, the year 2003 saw Al Qaeda perform suicide attacks on 2 Jewish Synagogues and a British bank, HSBC bank that left 61 people dead and over 647 injured. Hezbollah Hezbollah, a religious-based terror group’s mission is to demolish Turkish presumed secular regime and establish it with strict Islamic religion rules through violent and forceful means. To attain this mission, the group focuses on its goal of initiating propaganda to help attract sympathizers or members who join the militia to help conduct violent and forceful terror activities or objectives. These include shootings, kidnappings, armed attacks, acid attacks on women deviating from strict Islamic dressing code, arsons and beatings. The group also applies premeditated brutal torture techniques methodologically (NATO Science for Peace and Security Series, 2008). PKK or the Kurdistan Workers Party As a separatist terror group, PKK mission is adopting a long-term public war to oversee the independence of the Kurds in areas where they are dominated, including Syria, Iran and Iraq. This is as guided by the Marxism ideology to help to end the Kurds oppression. Goals and objectives that help to attain its mission include trying to manipulate the world public opinion, society and political arena to fit its purpose and garner membership. This also goes for exploiting concepts, such as legal defense, democracy and civil disobedience to appeal to foreign sta tes to garner approval and funds. In addition, they focus on exploiting weak members of the society, primarily children and women by using them to conduct public violence. Some of the public violence involves demonstrations full of violent acts and conflicting with the police in the streets (National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Response to Terrorism, 2013). This also goes for using them to conduct suicide bombings, collect intelligence and target-reconnaissance.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Terrorist Groups in Turkey specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion Markedly, the terror groups have strong ideologies that form the basis of their missions. A terror group’s mission forms the basis of its goals and objectives, which over the years become predictable due to their repeated nature. Therefore, the Turkish government can predict the probable course of actions that the terror groups will take and probable targets. For instance, in Hezbollah’s case, they can predict that the terrorists may attack or kidnap women who do not conform to the Islamic dressing code. Therefore, they can monitor such terror attacks hotspots, such as public places to prevent such attacks and arrest the terror perpetrators. Such moves as guided by terror group’s mission, goals and objectives could help prevent terror attacks and weaken terror groups in Turkey. References Ker-Lindsay, J., Cameron, A. (2009). Combating international terrorism: Turkey’s added value. Web. National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Response to Terrorism. (2013). Terrorist organization profile: Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK). Web. NATO Science for peace and Security Series. (2008). Organizational and Psychological Aspects of Terrorism. Ankara: IOS Press. Roach, C. (2003).Terrorism: Turkey point. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse Inc. Sevinc, B. (2008). Participation in terrorist organizati ons: An analysis of left wing DHKP/C and religiously motivated Turkish Hezbollah terrorist organizations. Ann Arbor, MI: ProQuest.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Turkish National Police (2013). Terrorist organizations in Turkey. Web. This essay on Terrorist Groups in Turkey was written and submitted by user Callie P. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

integument system essays

integument system essays 1. Integument - a natural outer covering or coat, such as the skin or a membrane enclosing an organ 2. Protection - skin serves as a protective barrier from mechanical injury and penetration of harmful chemicals Defense - first line of defense against any disease organism Prevention of Dehydration - immersed in an internal sea carefully regulated, dilute salt, solution that is essential to life Maintenance of Body Temperature - by sweating it helps regulate the body temperature Excretion of Wastes - sweat glands also excrete excess water and waste Reception of Stimuli - sensors for stimuli of (touch, pressure, heat, cold, and pain) and sends message to central nervous system Vitamin D Synthesis - when ultraviolet rays hit the skin, a cholesterol compound is changed into Vitamin D 3. Epidermis - the outer most layer of the skin including dead cells of the stratum corneum and the living sub-layers of cell that give rise to them The epidermis contains: stratum, corneum. stratum granvlosm, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale. Dermis - the thick layer of skin composed of irregular, dense, connective tissue beneath the skin The dermis contains: ducts, eccrine sweat gland, connective tissue papilla, hair follicle, root, sebaceous gland, arrector pili muscle Subcutaneous Layer - the layer of loose connective tissue and apidase tissue beneath the skin The subcutaneous layer contains: loose connective tissue and appendage tissue. 4. keratin - a fibrous protein that forms the basic structural component of hair and nails. It is located between the phospholipid membranes to form the stratum corneum. Any one of a class of fibrous protein molecules that serve as structural units for various living tissues. The keratins are the major protein components of human hair. These proteins generally contain large quantities of the sulfur-containing amino acids, particularly cytosine. The helical k ...

Private and Public Spheres in Sociology

Private and Public Spheres in Sociology Within sociology, public and private spheres are thought of as two distinct realms in which people operate on a daily basis. The basic distinction between them is that the public sphere is the realm of politics where strangers come together to engage in the free exchange of ideas, and is open to everyone, whereas the private sphere is a smaller, typically enclosed realm (like a home) that is only open to those who have permission to enter it. Origins of the Concept The concept of distinct public and private spheres can be traced back to the ancient Greeks, who defined the public as the political realm where the direction of society and its rules and laws were debated and decided upon, and the private as the realm of the family and economic relations. However, how we define the distinction within sociology has changed over time. Within sociology how we define the private and public spheres is largely due to the work of the German sociologist Jà ¼rgen Habermas. A student of critical theory and the Frankfurt School, he published a book in 1962,  The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, that is considered the key text on the matter. Public Sphere According to Habermas, the public sphere, as a place where the free exchange of ideas and debate happens, is the cornerstone of democracy. It is, he wrote, made up of private people gathered together as a public and articulating the needs of society with the state. From this public sphere grows a public authority that dictates the values, ideals, and goals of a given society. The will of the people is expressed within it and emerges out of it. As such, a public sphere must have no regard for the  status  of the participants, be focused on common concerns, and be inclusiveall can participate. In his book, Habermas argues that the public sphere actually took shape within the private sphere, as the practice of discussing literature, philosophy, and politics among family and guests became a common practice. These practices then left the private sphere and effectively created a public sphere when men started engaging in them outside of the home. In 18th Century Europe, the spread of coffeehouses across the continent and Britain created a place where the Western public sphere first took shape in modern time. There, men engaged in discussions of politics and markets, and much of what we know today as laws of property, trade, and the ideals of democracy were crafted in those spaces. Private Sphere On the flip side, the private sphere is the realm of family and home life that is, in theory, free of the influence of government and other social institutions. In this realm, ones responsibility is to oneself and the other members of ones household, and work and exchange can take place within the home in a way that is separate from the economy of the greater society. However, the boundary between the public and private sphere is not fixed but is flexible and permeable, and is always fluctuating and evolving. Its important to note that women were almost uniformly excluded from participating in the public sphere when it first emerged, and so the private sphere, the home, was considered the womans realm. This is why, historically, women had to fight for the right to vote in order to participate in politics, and why gender stereotypes about women belonging in the home linger today. Historically within the U.S. people of color and others perceived as different or deviant have been excluded from participating in the public sphere too. Though progress in terms of inclusion has been made over time, we see the lingering effects of historical exclusion in the over-representation of white men in the U.S. congress. Updated  by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

Case study for Coca Cola Marketing Analysis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

For Coca Cola Marketing Analysis - Case Study Example Coca Cola is an example of such an establishment that has remained a proficient player in the beverage trade amidst the increasing competition in the industry. It was established in the nineteenth century and it is the market leader in producing, distributing and selling soft drinks in the international market. The company operates in nearly 200 nations and has invented over 400 brands since it was founded (The Coca Cola Company). Its leading brands include Coke, Sprite, and Stony among others. Their success has its major rivals at bay including Pepsi and Nestle. This case study gives an in depth analysis of the company’s marketing strategy and the potential issues facing the company. COMPANY’S OVERVIEW As far as the global manufacturing, distribution and sale of soft drinks are concerned, the Coca Cola company in the lead. The company was founded in 1886 in Atlanta Georgia by John Pemberton who was a pharmacist by profession (The Coca Cola Company). His formula was lat er purchased by Asa Chandler in 1891 and this marked the advent of the company’s business achievement. It sells approximately 400 brands making it the top company in terms of market capitalization. Additionally, the entity enjoys impressive customer loyalty and has licensed distributors in over 200 countries. This fact ensures that the entity is in a position to segment its customers hence the high profitably levels. In spite of the harsh economic conditions, the company has remained financially stable over the years. This is due to the company’s ability to adapt to cotemporary marketing strategies such as the use of online marketing through social media such as Twitter, MySpace and Face book (The Coca Cola Company). The company has a history of having a strong corporate culture that propelled the company’s success to date (The Coca Cola Company). For example, the company sponsored the FIFA 2010 World Cup and has constructed wildlife reserves. Potential Issues F acing the Company. Although the company has a huge part of the market share, it is clear that it faces stiff harsh competition from other key players in the industry. However, the company has been experiencing a constant increase in the stocks since 2008 as compared to its major rival Pepsi Co, Inc. Furthermore, the non – alcoholic industry is increasingly competitive with numerous companies. There are competitive products in the market including carbonated drinks, energy drinks, packaged juices and fresh juices. Other significant competitors of the company include, Cadbury Schweppes plc, Nestle and Groupe Danone (Lopez 25). The competitive factors are with regard to pricing, product innovation, sales promotion, dispensing equipment, packaging, and production techniques. Moreover, the company competes in terms of brand name and trade mark protection. The company faces other issues in their operations that may have an impact on its future. In the recent past there have been fl uctuations in the value of the dollar against the common currencies. The larger percentage of the entity’s income is generated outside the United States and owing to the strong performance of the dollar the firm’s revenues from other parts of the world its profits may fall considerably (Lopez 38). The other issue facing Coca Cola is scarcity of water. The

Rationalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Rationalization - Essay Example One of the more famous people who observed this psychological process and explained it in quite a lot of detail was Max Weber. (Laurence 1998)According to his theory regarding rationalization, it came into being when the people came to be convinced of the notion that religious views were insufficient to provide a proper understanding (Coleman, 1981). In his era, Weber was able to observe this process taking place as a result of the empirical findings that provided proof to the rational understandings but he went on to comment about the social evolution (Laurence 1998). According to Weber, rationalization resulted in three spheres of value-such as the differentiated zones of science, art and law.(Wolfgang 1992)Due to such a divided form of reason and logic, Weber tried to prove that the very essence of modernity was at stake (Frey, 1997). Not only was modernity in danger from the disunity of these three forms of value but also due to the forte in cognitive, normative and artistic knowledge that affects every person's daily consciousness and hence, his daily activity. This form of thinking and behavioral methodology results in, as per Weber's theory, in a more individualistic mindset allowing lesser room for the thought of the entire population.(Laurence 1998) Such a thinking process would have to result in a mindset in which few made decisions for all and more collective form of decision making would be replaced ( Fararo, 2001). In such a layout, there is little room for oral exchanges as that is replaced by the media which caters to success tilting forms of behavior. Oral exchanges allow greater understanding and relationship building while the media form of exchange leaves little exchanges, hence creating room for personal a communication problem. By having such a mindset in which there is a divide between three important value forms such as science, art and law -the focus shifts away from the well being of the entire team, population to more of a individualized focus. This paper would go on to explain the impact that the above explained process has and in terms of its implementation in organizations. One important aspect of the rationalization process and the organization is the impact on the suppliers. If one was to analyze some of the negative effects, they could be termed as market distortion, artificial creation of monopolies, and undesirable social outcomes (Frank, 1996). In order to manage the external resources in an effective manner and to reap better profits, it becomes imperative for the management of an organization to understand the social effects of supplier rationalization. An important element of the entire production making process which has not received its proper due and in order to exercise greater caution in this

The Difference Between an Licensed Practical Nurs and Registered Nurse Essay Example for Free

The Difference Between an Licensed Practical Nurs and Registered Nurse Essay It takes a lot of courage to let go of what is known, familiar, and comfortable. Change is a driving force in everyone. Like a butterfly, individuals in the nursing field may go through similar stages of metamorphosis, which is a process of growth, change, and development, (Wikipedia Foundation, 2006). Nurses have a vast amount of opportunity for growth and change in the healthcare field. The nursing profession has often been viewed as target of change rather than a force that proposes, leads, and implements change†(Habel,2005). Many individuals are choosing to evolve and expand their careers and obtain their bachelor’s degree in nursing. While the Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) performs much of the same skills, the student professional nurse must refine his or her skills in clinical judgment, collaboration, leadership, and delegation to effectively care for their patients as a professional nurse. The many comparisons and contrasts to the role of a Registered Nurse (RN) to an LPN can vary by their credentials. However, there are differences and similarities in pay, education, training, abilities, and their qualifications that are required for them to practice safely, and legally. While it is true that both are ultimately charged with providing quality patient care, the differences are vast and the careers of the two are usually very different. When comparing the differences in opportunities between a RN and LPN, one must first understand the abilities and skills sets of each. This paper will highlight some of the differences between and LPN and RN. Difference between an LPN and RN According to the Florida Nurse Practice Act, a Registered Nurse means any person licensed in this state to practice professional nursing and a Licensed Practical Nurse means any person licensed in this state to practice practical nursing. Practice of professional nursing means the performance of those acts requiring substantial specialized knowledge, judgment, and nursing skill based upon applied principles of psychological, biological, physical, and social sciences which shall include, but not be limited to the observation, assessment, nursing diagnosis, planning, intervention, and evaluation of care; health teaching and counseling of the ill, injured, or infirm; and the promotion of wellness, maintenance of health, and prevention of illness of others. The administration of medications and treatments as prescribed or authorized by a duly licensed practitioner authorized by the laws of this state to prescribe such medications and treatments. The supervision and teaching of other personnel in the theory and performance of any of the above acts. Practice of practical nursing means the performance of selected acts, including the administration of treatments and medications, in the care of the ill, injured, or infirm and the promotion of wellness, maintenance of health, and prevention of illness of others under the direction of a registered nurse, a licensed physician, a licensed osteopathic physician, a licensed podiatric physician, or a licensed dentist. The professional nurse and the practical nurse shall be responsible and accountable for making decisions that are based upon the individuals educational preparation and experience in nursing. As an LPN, in the setting where I work, I must admit that some of my roles differ significantly from that of an RN for example there are some medications that I have to administer under the direction of an RN such as IV pushes also it is not within my scope to do an initial admission assessment, whereas the RN is allowed to do those duties. An Rn can make a decision that a client will require a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC line) for the administration of fluids and/or medications and so can call a doctor for such an order. Thinking about the positive role models around me, I have to admit that the person I admire most is Florence Nightingale, who has been a pioneer in nursing. Her lasting contribution has been her role in founding the modern nursing profession, which has opened the doors of nursing for me. She has set an example of compassion, commitment to patient care, and diligent and thoughtful hospital administration, which I have been using and will always be apart of who I am, not only as a nurse but as a person. I endeavor just as Nightingale to leave an indelible mark in the field of nursing. My personal philosophy of nursing is that one must contemplate the qualities of the endeavors to which a nurse obligates their heart and soul to. A nurse commits to being the embodiment of altruism, charisma, empathy, and knowledge applied to the enterprise of protection, promotion, and enhancement of the holistic health states of all persons. This includes, and is not limited to a nurse’s practice in the professional arena, but also a nurse takes this way of thinking outside the workplace to uphold these ideals. So too should nurses reflect on their own knowledge base and strive to be always yearning for new experiences and understanding to elevate the level of professionalism inherent in their application of nursing. Furthermore, I believe nurses are obligated to their fellow professionals, as an integral part of the health care team, to aid and improve the ability of their peers. This collegiality is essential to the upkeep of the trusted image a nurse has among their colleagues and the public. Additionally, this allows for greater cohesion between health care workers and provides the patients with requisite care that espouses the statement of nursing above. Finally, a nurse must always remember to whom they are ultimately accountable; their patient. This accountability is first and foremost in upholding the principles a nurse represents. A nurse should constantly be asking themselves whether or not the care they are providing is exceeding the expectations of their patients and bestowing health advancement to preserve the patient’s health integrity. Moreover, a nurse must remain vigilant of the duty to themselves in the same regard by being able to self-evaluate: â€Å"Am I providing the exceptional, empathic, and optimal holistic care that my patient deserves and that I can be proud of? †

Why I want To Be A Firefighter Essay -- essays research papers

Firefighting is a career that can make you feel proud and accomplished, and it is a career in which I have a lot of respect for. In order to be a firefighter you must be in shape, prepared, experienced, and ready to deal with your job emotionally as well as physically. I chose to be a firefighter because I want to be able to help others and make them feel safe to live in their communities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After visiting some actual fire departments, I realized as a firefighter you certainly have a lot to be proud of. It’s not your average job and does require quite a bit of organization to stay on top of everything. Everyday you have to be ready and prepared for just about anything that can happen. You never know what kinds of jobs you are going to be set out to do in one day. This means your equipment should be in order, checked and ready to go.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While going through training, I began to realize this is a career that is can be emotionally overwhelming. You must be able to cope with mental stress, and stay prepared at all times. Just the fact that you don’t know what you are going to encounter throughout one day can be stressful. Knowing this you must learn how to deal with your emotions, whether it’s through group therapy or just relaxing after work. People are going to depend on you when they’re in a dangerous situation and you must be strong and help them when they are in need. To help others you must also be physically and menta...

Mansfield’s Short Stories Essay

This article discusses how emotions are depicted in two Katherine Mansfield’s short stories, †Bliss† and †Taking the Veil†. Emotions are mapped through linguistic markers such as adjectives and adverbs that imply a character’s emotional response to story events. The study focuses on narratorial discourse and distinguishes between verbalized speech and thought (free indirect discourse) and non-verbalised thought-processes (psycho-narration). The analysis is carried out by studying the deictic centre or the perspective in the short stories. The study shows that passages of psycho-narration and free indirect discourse are rich in emotional language, including such features as interjections, repetition and orthographic markers. 1. Introduction Emotions often play a significant role in depicting a literary character’s mind. This study discusses how characters’ emotions are depicted in two Katherine Mansfield’s short stories, †Bliss† and †Taking the Veil†.1 The focus is on those sections in Mansfield’s stories that depict characters’ psyches and feelings. The analysis maps the features that imply the presence of consciousness or perspective in Katherine Mansfield’s texts. The analysis is carried out by studying linguistic features such as adjectives, adverbs and orthography to find out whose consciousness and emotions are depicted in the text. Consciousness report is an umbrella term for several techniques that share some common features in depicting characters’ consciousness. This study focuses on the interplay between psycho-narration, the narrator’s rendering of characters’ psyches or their non-verbalised thought processes, and free ind irect discourse, the narrator’s indirect quotation of the words that the characters say or think, their verbalised speech or thought. Both free indirect discourse and psycho-narration depict character speech within the framework of third person narrative, and in Mansfield’s stories characters’ feelings are often filtered through the narrator’s discourse . 2 There are also feelings that the characters may be unaware of but that the narrator reports to the reader. For this reason, the focus of the study is on the narrator’s description of characters’ emotions, as psycho-narration and free indirect discourse are narrator’s discourse by nature. The differences between psycho-narration and free indirect discourse are illustrated in another example from Mansfield, a story called †The Doll’s House† (see subsection 2.3). In analysing characters’ emotions perspective plays an important role. Perspective tells the reader whose point of view is adopted in the text. Perspective is realised through visuo-spatial or temporal indicators that are also called deictic features (see subsection 2.1). The first aim of the analysis is to pinpoint the deictic features that imply the presence of consciousness or emotional involvement in †Bliss† and †Taking the Veil†. The second aim is to study consciousness report that is often marked by reporting devices such as evaluative adjectives and adverbs, or other perspective-building elements such as backshifting of tenses and orthographic markers. The analysis is based on linguistic evidence in sections of psycho-narration or free indirect discourse with reference to characters’ emotions and emotional changes. When a fictional character’s feelings change, the readers may also change their views of that character (Miall and Kuiken 2001: 291). Thus, changing emotions affect the reader’s interpretation of the story. The next section takes a closer look at the linguistic features that indicate characters’ emotions depicted in psycho-narration and free indirect discourse. 2. Linguistic Features in the Representation of Character Emotions This section discusses linguistic features that imply psycho-narration and free indirect discourse. In the first subsection, the connection between the deictic centre and emotions is explained. The second subsection takes a look at specific reporting devices and features that indicate a deictic centre. In the third part, psycho-narration and free indirect discourse are d iscussed with examples from Mansfield’s †Doll’s House†. 2.1 Deixis and Deictic Centre Emotions are an essential part of depicting a literary character’s consciousness. In analysing emotions or characters’ consciousness deixis is a useful tool. Deixis means †features of language which fasten utterances temporally or spatially: ‘here’, ‘now’† (Hawthorn 1994: 37). Consciousness presentation becomes apparent through many indicators, most clearly through orthographic markers such as quotation marks or words in italics. Orthographic markers are especially used in direct discourse where quotation marks show the beginning and ending of a dialogue. Parentheticals or brackets indicating the speaker and his or her act of speaking or thinking within a sentence, for example, †she said† or †he thought† are also used in direct discourse to indicate the speaking or thinking person. As these markers seldom occur in consciousness report, however, there are other markers like expressive elements that help to ide ntify the consciousness and emotions in an extract. Thus, linguistic analysis helps to find out which features refer to which character. Studying linguistic features is a key element in analyzing the deictic centre of the short stories in this paper. In the English language, deixis consists of features that indicate a subjective deictic centre (Fludernik 1993: 6). The features include personal pronouns, for example I, you,it; spatial and temporal adverbs such as left, in front of, ten years ago; verbal categories indicating distance like come and go; relational designations implying emotional involvement, for instance the enemy or darling; and terms of endearment, such as sweetheart and mummy, which also suggest that the speaker’s feelings are involved. Another way to trace a perspective is to study lexical, pragmatic, syntactic and morphological features indicating consciousness report. Deixis and subjective elements play a crucial role in analysing the material of this paper. The two other types of deixis are discourse/text deixis and social deixis (cf. Levinson 1983). Discourse deixis or text deixis refers to parts of unfolding discourse in which the utterance is located, for instance that in the following example: †Puff puff puff: That is what it sounded like.† Social deixis encodes the social status and aspects of socia l relationships between speakers and addressees: †My husband and I are both teachers, and so is my father† (Levinson 1983: 62-63). Deixis is usually organised in an egocentric way. The deictic context is speaker-based and centred upon the speaker’s †here-and-now† (Lyons 1981: 230). People are more apt to refer to their own viewpoint in discussions and prefer proximal personal expressions, such as the pronoun I, or place indexicals, such as here, to distal expressions like he or there. We can also talk about a deictic centre, meaning the perspective of the discourse participant from which utterances are delivered (Levinson 1983: 63-64, Yule 1996: 9). There are five unmarked anchorage points that constitute the deictic centre (Levinson 1983: 64). They consist of the speaker who is the central person – in literature usually the protagonist, the narrator or some other character – and of the central place which refers to the speaker’s location at utterance time. The third anchorage point of the deictic centre is the central time, the time when the speaker produces the utterance. Fourth, the discourse centre is the speaker’s current point during the production of his or her utterance. Thus, the discourse centre changes from one person to another when the producer of the utterance changes. And last, the social centre is the speaker’s social status and rank to which the addressee or referent’s status is relative (Yule 1996: 10). Another common deictic phenomenon in language is the transference of human body orientation (Fludernik 1993: 49). This method is used extensively in literature to create the illusion of naturalness. When an author uses this technique in a literary text, he or she describes an event, a phenomenon or space from a certain physical viewpoint that demands the reader’s body orientation, as in the sentence †There was a chair to the left† (Fludernik 1993: 49). To sum up, literary texts create a world of their own, including their own deictic structure. In good narratives, the reader has the impression of experiencing the fictional world directly, because he or she adopts the deictic centre as his or her own (cf. Banfield 1982, Zubin and Hewitt 1995: 131). 2.2 Reporting Devices This section introduces other linguistic features that are used in creating deictic centres in narratives. The devices consist of backshifting of tenses and other perspective-building elements, such as adjectives and adverbs, orthographic markers and textual coherence. The first device, backshifting of tenses, is connected with the †was-now† paradox, an especially interesting feature in literature. The †was† encodes the narrator in the process of narrating, introducing the fictional world mode to the reader. The †now† encodes the protagonist for whom the story world events are part of the current experience (cf. Adamson 1994). Mansfield sometimes uses the present tense in her stories, which attracts the reader’s attention and raises the question of why the †was-now† principle is violated. The change in tenses suggests a change in perspectives, including a change in the feeling experience of the story’s characters. The impl ications of these linguistic devices for the characters’ emotional world are discussed in section 3. In the analysis of the deictic centre and literary figures’ emotions, adjectives and adverbs sometimes have a significant meaning. I apply Biber, Conrad and Leech’s (2002) classification of adjectives and adverbs in this study. Descriptive adjectives or descriptors often imply consciousness report when they co-occur with other deictic elements such as place and time deixis. Evaluative/emotive (dreadful) and miscellaneous descriptors covering many kinds of characteristics (sudden) suggest consciousness report in narratives and need to be studied to trace the source of emotions in a literary text. Descriptive adjectives give personal flavour to the text, but the reader has to decide whether descriptors refer to the narrator’s or some character’s emotions. Sometimes it may be very difficult to distinguish different sources of emotion from each other, as examples from Mansfield’s stories show (see section 3) . In the analysis of Mansfield’s texts, degree adverbs and stance adverbs receive special attention. Degree adverbs like amplifiers/intensifiers (generously) and diminishers/downtoners (somewhat) as well as stance adverbs, such as attitude (unfortunately), epistemic (probably) and style stance adverbs (simply) are discussed in the analysis of the material, as are place, time and process adverbials. Of place adverbials, those of distance (a long way), direction (from within) and position (up there) often imply whose perspective is adopted in the story. Additionally, such time adverbials as point in time (tomorrow night), duration (for fifteen years), frequency (sometimes) and time relationship (after this) indicate the source of consciousness. The process of action described in stories provides the reader with valuable information on the events and characters. Manner adverbials (carelessly) are often used especially by modern authors to describe characters’ behaviour. Degree adverbials (e.g. very much, completely) are often used to amplify characters’ emotions and to describe their emotional response to story events. Adjectives and adverbs are elements in constructing perspective in a narrative. They help the reader to respond to the feeling experiences of a character that are embodied in the stylistic and linguistic devices of a text (Miall and Kuiken 2001: 292). The following subchapter discusses the connection between linguistic features and feeling experiences in psycho-narration and free indirect discourse. 2.3 Psycho-narration and Free Indirect Discourse In this section the features of psycho-narration and free indirect discourse are discussed with examples from Mansfield’s story †The Doll’s House†. Special attention is paid to linguistic devices that support the interpretation of psycho-narration or free indirect discourse in a textual passage. Psycho-narration is the narrator’s presentation of a character’s psyche. Its main focus is on a character’s thoughts and feelings and it is defined in terms of deictic qualities (Fludernik 1993: 304).3 Psycho-narration reports those feelings or states of consciousness that the character may be unaware of. Psycho-narration †has almost unlimited temporal flexibility† (Cohn 1978: 32), so it can occur both in the present and the past tense. The analysis of Mansfield’s works shows the temporal varieties of psycho-narration. Free indirect discourse consists of expressions or utterances that could be produced by the characters as such or with minor alterations, like the use of the preterite instead of the present tense.4 In free indirect discourse the narrator quotes the speech or thought of the protagonist or other characters. Direct discourse and free indirect discourse have common features such as deictics, word order in questions and lexical elements including vocatives, interjections, or dialectal features (cf. Fludernik 1993: 261). In order to retain proximity, proximal deictics likehere, now and today occur in free indirect discourse. The question word order remains direct in free indirect discourse. This narrative technique also favours expressive lexical elements from characters’ idiolects to give the narration personal flavour. McHale (1978: 269) aptly remarks that formal signs are not the only means to trace free indirect discourse, since semantic signs such as the †content† of utterances, and a character’s †thoughts† or †intended meanings† also contribute to the reader’s interpretation of free indirect discourse. The terms psycho-narration and free indirect discourse overlap to some extent. The former borrows elements from the speech of ch aracters, but a character could hardly use the (narrator’s) syntax as such. To demonstrate the difference between the various consciousness report techniques, I have chosen an extract from Katherine Mansfield’s story †The Doll’s House†. It is a story about middle-class life and the Burnell children, and how they invite classmates of the same social class to see their new doll’s house. Lower-class children are not invited, until one of the daughters, Kezia, defies her parents and asks the Kelvey girls, the daughters of a washerwoman, to see the house. The following extract depicts Kezia’s aunt’s reaction when she sees the unwelcome children in the garden. (1)†Wicked, disobedient little girl!† said Aunt Beryl bitterly to Kezia, and she slammed the doll’s house to. The afternoon had been awful. A letter had come from Willie Brent, a terrifying, threateningletter, saying if she did not meet him that evening in Pulman’s Bush, he’d come to the front door and ask the reason why! But now that she had frightened those little rats of Kelveys and given Kezia a good scolding, her heart felt lighter. That ghastly pressure was gone. She went back to the house humming. (†The Doll’s House†, 265; emphasis added) Example (1) is a description of Aunt Beryl’s consciousness presentation after she has scolded her niece and her friends in the courtyard. After the quotation in direct discourse, Aunt Beryl’s perspective (in bold type) is introduced in the first sentences as a flashback, the past perfect verb form had come implying a movement towards Aunt Beryl, come being a verb suggesting proximal activity. Even though Beryl’s name is not mentioned in the whole paragraph, she is the subject of the sentence starting the quotation and the most recent character mentioned earlier in the text. Aunt Beryl and the third person reference to her (she) in the quotation can be seen as an example of referential linking which is an important factor in maintaining textual cohesion in the depiction of characters’ emotions (cf. Ehrlich 1990). Descriptive adjectives likeawful, terrifying and threatening, and noun phrases like those little rats of Kelveys depict Beryl’s feelings, the distal demonstrative pronoun those and the descriptive noun phrase little rats of Kelveys underlining the contempt of upper classes towards lo wer-class people and the social distance between Beryl and the Kelveys. The distal demonstrative determiner that and the proximal temporal adverb now illustrate how proximal and distal linguistic features are mixed in psycho-narration, suggesting a transition from Aunt Beryl’s earlier emotional turmoil caused by her lover’s letter to her present state of mind (†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦her heart felt lighter. That ghastly pressure was gone†). There is also Willie Brent’s perspective occurring in the extract (in italics). It has elements of free indirect discourse including past tense verb forms, third person pronouns, orthographic markers and a colloquial tone. The past perfect verb form changes into the past tense did not meet, which is followed by he’d come. An exclamation mark finishes the free indirect discourse passage which is reflected through Beryl’s consciousness in the memory of the letter. The final sentence is the narrator’s neutral report of the narrative events. 3. Emotional Features in Mansfield’s Stories Psycho-narration and free indirect discourse are ways of presenting characters’ emotions to readers. In this section, Katherine Mansfield’s stories †Bliss† and †Taking the Veil† are analysed in order to find linguistic features that suggest a character’s emotional involvement. Mansfield uses psycho-narration and free indirect discourse in †Bliss† and †Taking the Veil†. In the analysis of the texts, underlined words point out subjective features and fragments of characters’ idiom. Some quotations from Mansfield’s short stories are integrated into the analysis for a more convenient discussion of the context. †Bliss† is a story of a wealthy young couple, Bertha and Harry, and their social life. In †Bliss†, psycho-narrative description is reserved for Bertha’s feelings of bliss, her relationship with Harry-the-husband, and her feelings towards their friends. The paragraphs th at include psycho-narration often start with impersonal narratorial description. The shift from the narrator’s perspective to that of the character takes place within paragraph boundaries, as the following examples show. The first paragraph of †Bliss† introduces society’s expectations of 30-year-old women’s behaviour. The narrator implies that Bertha’s thoughts and feelings are quite exceptional for her age: (2) Although Bertha Young was thirty she still had moments like this when she wanted to run instead of walk, to take dancing steps on and off the pavement, to bowl a hoop, to throw something up in the air and catch it again, or to stand still and laugh at – nothing – at nothing, simply. (†Bliss†, 91; emphasis added) The narrator adopts an omniscient perspective: she knows exactly how Bertha is feeling and what she feels like doing. The reader’s attention is directed towards the protagonist’s perspective through the use of the demonstrative this, symbolising the here-and-now narrative present, Bertha’s present state of mind. The italicised words imply Bertha’s wishes. The narrator’s speech presents societ y’s expectations at the beginning of example (2) (although,still) and Bertha’s own thoughts at the end of it (nothing – at nothing, simply). The phenomenon of Ansteckung is apparent in the fragments of Bertha’s idiom. Ansteckungmeans the narrator’s empathetic or ironic borrowing of characters’ idioms or expressions (cf. Fludernik (1993) for examples of Ansteckung or †contamination†). Fragments of Bertha’s consciousness are not complete thoughts or words uttered by her. When it comes to Bertha’s psyche, the narrator seems to be aware of it, depicting elements of Bertha’s thoughts at the end of example (2) (see the words in bold). It is obvious in the last sentence of example (2); dashes evoke Bertha’s consciousness. She is incapable of finding suitable words for the peculiar feeling; the impression is increased by the repeated words at nothing. The effect of immediacy is created by hints of Bertha’s psyche within narratorial discourse, suggesting that after the first part of the sentence the writer resorts to free indirect discourse at the end of the passa ge. There are two longer paragraphs of psycho-narration in †Bliss†. They discuss Bertha’s situation in life and her relationship with Harry. The first paragraph reads as follows: (3) Really – really – she had everything. She was young. Harry and she were as much in love as ever, and they got on together splendidly and were really good pals. She had anadorable baby. They didn’t have to worry about money. They had this absolutely satisfactory house and garden. And friends – modern, thrilling friends, writers andpainters and poets or people keen on social questions – just the kind of friends they wanted. And then there were books, and there was music, and she had found a wonderful little dressmaker, and they were going abroad in the summer, and their new cook made the most superb omelettes †¦ (†Bliss†, 96; emphasis added) Example (3) starts in free indirect discourse and shows many syntactic markers that imply consciousn ess report, such as the epistemic stance adverb really, the proximal deictic thisindicating Bertha’s spatial perspective, and the frequent use of and acting as a clause-initial co-ordinating conjunction and creating the illusion of Bertha’s happy thoughts. Other features include pragmatic indicators, such as dashes, and lexical features, for example idioms (really good pals), phrases or descriptive adjectives (absolutely satisfactory, adorable, modern, thrilling, wonderful little etc.) borrowed from Bertha. As Fludernik (1993: 117) suggests, referential positions are often shifted into the third person in heterodiegetic narratives, excluding second person narratives. This extract is a good example of such a referential shift in personal pronouns, as it contains only the third person she instead of the first person I. Example (3) describes a happy woman counting her blessings. Another paragraph reflects the problems Bertha encounters in her marriage: (4) Oh, she had loved him – she’d been in love with him, of course, in every other way, butjust not in that way. And equally, of course, she’d understood that he was different. They’d discussed it so often. It had worried her dreadfully at first to find that she was so cold, but after a time it had not seemed to matter. They were so frank with each other – such good pals. That was the best of being modern. (†Bliss†, 104; emphasis added) The extract leads readers into Bertha’s consciousnes s with the clause-initial interjection ohsuggesting free indirect discourse. Repetitive elements, such as of course and the intensifierso, emphasise the impression of Bertha rationalising her marriage to Harry. The sentence-initial and helps her to articulate her understanding of Harry and his different feelings on the topic, as she is negotiating the good and bad things about her marriage in her mind. There are also some lexical indications of consciousness report, such as just, the intensifier such, anddreadfully, a colloquialism only to be attached to Bertha’s consciousness. These emotive features create an impression of Bertha’s inner conflict and the suppression of her feelings, which is evident throughout the story.5 †Taking the Veil† is a story about Edna and her lover Jimmy, and Edna’s dreams of becoming a nun. In †Taking the Veil†, psycho-narration is reserved for Edna’s internal debate and her memories of the crisis of her life. A typical example is a theatre scene, where Edna goes through the happenings of the previous night: (5) The play had begun fairly cheerfully. That was at the chocolate almond stage. Then the hero had gone blind. Terrible moment! †¦Then there had been that ghastly scene with the hero alone on stage in a deserted room†¦He had tried – ah, how painfully, how pitifully! –to grope his way to the window†¦and the band faded away into the distance. (†Taking the Veil†, 284; emphasis added) Example (5) shows how Mansfield uses distal deictics like that (in that ghastly scene) to imply Edna’s perspective by creating a personal tone. Additionally, she uses the evaluative adjectives terrible and ghastly to refer to Edna’s emotional response. The repetitive pattern in the exclamations above (in bold type) is separated from the rest of the psycho-narration by dashes and emphasised by other orthographic signals, such as exclamation marks. An introductory exclamation ah adds to the colloquial tone, as does the repetition of the wh-element how. Mansfield often uses clause-initial wh-elements in exclamations to introduce free indirect discourse in the telling (Kuivalainen 2005). These features contain elements representative of speech rather than thought. The impression in this extract is that of narratorial discourse flavoured by free indirect discourse (in bold type). Psycho-narration continues when the narrator describes Edna’s internal debate: (6) If she did not marry Jimmy, of course she would marry nobody. The man she was in love with, the famous actor – Edna had far too much common-sense not to realise thatwould never be. It was very odd. She didn’t even want it to be. Her love was too intense for that. It had to be endured, silently; it had to torment her. It was, she supposed, simply that kind of love. (†Taking the Veil†, 285; italics original, emphasis added) The extract above shows how Edna debates her love for Jimmy, her fiancà ©, and for the actor she has fallen in love with. The words in bold include an attitude stance adverb of course, a comment on a possible marriage with the famous actor, and a distal pronoun that. All these elements imply a reference to Edna’s perspective which, however, intermingles with that of the narrator after the dash on the second line. Edna’s emotional perspective, the vacillating feelings she suddenly faces in the story, re-occurs with the comment on the nature of her love (†It was very odd†) and remains unchanged till the end of the extract, with another comment at the end of the paragraph introduced by the style stance adverb simply. The extract above shows the subtlety of the change from one perspective to another: at the beginning we only have a personal pro noun reference to the speaker, but later the protagonist’s proper name is used to help the reader realise the change, to introduce the perspective of the narrator penetrating that of Edna. The effect is that of immediate access to the character’s thoughts and feelings. In the paragraph preceding example (6) the closest proper noun is †Sister Agnes†. However, the reader does not connect the personal pronoun she in example (6) with Sister Agnes but with Edna, who is mentioned earlier in the text, because semantic connectors such as marriage and †Jimmy† imply her. The narrator’s statement-like comment after the dash supports this interpretation. However, this sentence is affected by Edna’s idiom, the use of that(in italics) emphasising the impossibility of the suggestion of love for an actress. Edna’s eighteen-year-old girl’s voice is also heard at the end of the paragraph with the simply that kind of love quotation of Edna’s thoughts. As example (6) suggests, psycho-narration at the beginning of the paragraph depicts Edna’s feelings from her perspective, but later the narrator’s perspective becomes predominant in the example, providing the reader with an external perspective to Edna’s love life. A drastic change in psycho-narration happens when the tenses change from the past to the present. This change implies a shift from the past or present events to the future. (7) She takes the name of Sister Angela. Snip, snip! All her lovely hair is cut off†¦And in a blue gown with a white head-band Sister Angela goes from the convent to the chapel, from the chapel to the convent †¦she greets the little children who run to her. A saint! She hears it whispered as she paces the chill, wax-smelling corridors. A saint! (†Taking the Veil†, 286; emphasis added) The extract above shows how Edna dreams about the life of a nun and imagines her future as Sister Angela. The short onomatopoeic snip and the repetition of a saint, both ending with an exclamation mark, refer to Edna’s imagination. Her emotional involvement shows in the sacrifices she makes (†All her lovely hair is cut off†) and in the description of the new environment she enters (†chill, wax-smelling corridors†). The present tense adds to the effect. It is used throughout the passage to relate Edna’s convent dreams, as another quotation below shows: (8) Now it is evening. Two old people leaning on each other come slowly to the grave†¦Now there comes another. He is all in black; he comes slowly. But when he is there and lifts his black hat, Edna sees to her horror his hair is snow-white. Jimmy! Too late, too late! The tears are running down his face; he is crying now. Too late, too late!(ibid.: 287; italics original, emphasis added) In example (8), the same elements of exclamatory repetition too late! and the present tense are used to depict Edna’s reveries about the future. Additionally, immediacy is emphasised with the temporal proximal deictic now, a favourite of Mansfield’s in this story, and the present continuous are running and is crying. The use of present continuous verb forms and the proximal deictic now mark Edna’s mental crisis, which culminates at the end of example (8) and ends the sections in the present tense. The non-use of the †was-now† pattern reflects a change in perspective from the narrator to Edna in example (8), as the sections that do not imply Edna’s consciousness in †Taking the Veil† are written in the past tense (see example (5)). When the paragraph after example (8) begins, Edna has changed her mind about becoming a nun and realised she actually loves Jimmy. 4. Discussion †Bliss† and †Taking the Veil† consist of a mixture of speech and thought report. It is noticeable in these works that, as a narrative technique, free indirect discourse is clearly separated from psycho-narration. The shift from psycho-narration into free indirect discourse and then back to psycho-narration can be found in †Bliss† and †Taking the Veil†, as the linguistic analysis of characters’ emotions showed in section three. The reverie-like atmosphere of †Taking the Veil† is strikingly different from the passionate, hectic mood in †Bliss†, where the narrator first describes the setting for the psychological phenomena, Bertha’s mixed feelings about her marriage, and then resorts to consciousness presentation. In †Taking the Veil† the narrator’s function is to offer the reader an insight into Edna’s mind mostly through psycho-narration, thus, psycho-narrative passages begi n with narratorial description which introduces Edna’s mental world to the reader. Psycho-narration serves to depict the protagonist’s internal debate: example (5) depicts the crucial moment of the past in the past tense and example (7) future dreams in the present tense. On the other hand, free indirect discourse in example (5) helps in creating sensual perceptions that present a contrast to Edna’s inner thoughts. Passages in free indirect discourse often start with a clause-initial coordinator (and), interjection (oh) or a wh-element (how) and can be spotted from the rest of the narration through orthography, like dashes surrounding the free indirect discourse passage, exclamation or question marks. Mansfield frequently uses italics and ellipses in reporting characters’ consciousness and feelings, which gives the impression of free indirect discourse. Extensive use of stance adverbs is striking in the two stories. A common feature in Mansfield’s psycho-narration is the adoption of epistemic stance adverbs such as really in example (3).6In †Bliss† and †Taking the Veil†, the interplay between the two dominant voices, that of the narrator and the protagonist, becomes evident through the rich use of stance ad verbs. The narrator’s perspective is mostly introduced through epistemic adverbs indicating certainty or doubt (e.g. perhaps), whereas the protagonist’s perspective mostly consists of those of actuality and reality (e.g. in fact, really). The effect is a narrator with no intention to intrude upon the story events, and a protagonist with a distinctly marked emotional world including feelings of bliss, future dreams, and moments of despair and love. Mansfield’s narrator steers the reader towards the protagonist’s climax with subtle remarks and hardly visible hints. Psycho-narration demonstrates different functions in the texts of this study. Mansfield uses evaluative and emotive descriptors in psycho-narrative sections; she borrows characters’ idiomatic expressions and marks internal discourse with orthography (dashes, exclamation marks), intensifiers and repetition to imply a shift from one perspective or feeling experience to another, for example, from the narrator to the protagonist. Mansfield describes the inner conflict or the dream world of the characters through psycho-narration, which is usually triggered by an emotional climax, in Bertha’s case the revelation of her husband’s adultery and in Edna’s case understanding who she really loves. In Mansfield’s fiction, the climax almost has a hallucinatory effect, as Edna’s convent dreams and the graveyard scene in exampl e (8) show. The use of the present tense seems to have a role in Mansfield’s text. Mansfield uses it mostly in psycho-narrative sections. All in all, there are certain features that are used frequently in Mansfield’s stories, such as dashes, repetition of adverbs or other clausal elements like intensifiers, interjections or co-ordinators. Temporal and spatial deictics have a significant role in the two stories, as the reader has very few other means to orient him- or herself while reading a literary text. Deictics help the reader to pinpoint the perspective in the passage and understand whose experiences are depicted in the story. The study of the deictic features in Mansfield’s fictional prose shows that the author uses various markers to create a deictic centre. These markers create a picture of characters’ emotional world. Free indirect discourse and psycho-narration are motivated, for example, by an internal debate or a crisis, as Edna’s ponderings showed in example (8). As was suggested in the analysis, linguistic features such as reporting devices and deictic features can be used to pinpoint the source of emotions in a literary text. Verbs, adjectives, adverbs and other consciousness markers work for the same effect, to describe the emotional world of characters. Psycho-narration and free indirect discourse provide Mansfield with a tool to point out the significant moments in the protagonists’ lives and separate them from the rest of the narration. Mansfield is the master of her characters and their emotions, making them breathe and feel as if they really existed.

Social Work Law

This assignment involves a case study where Ralph, a fourteen year old boy, is currently in foster care because his mother; Kerry, felt she was unable to control him due to his behaviour. However, Kerry has now expressed that she is unhappy with this foster placement and has requested that her son be returned to live with her and his two younger brothers. The scenario becomes more complex owing to the fact that Ralph has disclosed that his mother had regularly hit him with a walking stick. In this essay I will seek to consider the main practice issues raised by the scenario of the case study. Using the materials provided within the course along with my own professional experience, I will outline relevant legislation whilst demonstrating the significance it has on the assessment and any subsequent intervention that may be required in the given situation Section 1 of the Children Act 1989 clearly states; ‘When a court determines any question with respect to – (a) the upbringing or a child; or (b) the administration of a child’s property or the application of any income arising from it, the child’s welfare shall be the court’s paramount consideration. s. 1(1)] This reflects the social work professional’s prime concern. Bearing this in mind, as the social worker involved in this case study, I would initially want to identify whether any of the children involved were at imminent risk of significant harm. The support and protection of children cannot be achieved by a single agency. †¦ Every service has to play its part. All staff mu st have placed upon them the clear expectation that there primary responsibility is to the child and his or her family. (DH and Home Office, 2003, paras 17. 92-17. 93) The Children Act 2004 obliges all agencies that come into contact working with children must share information and work together to safeguard the welfare of children. My primary task would be to arrange a safeguarding strategy meeting. This would facilitate the sharing of information between professionals whilst also determining the most appropriate course of action to take next. Those attending the meeting would include; the area Child Protection Officer, an education professional (such as the appointed Child Protection teacher), the police, a health professional (such as the school nurse) and the social worker. Other agencies may also be asked to attend such as the youth offending team or CAMHS (Children and adolescent mental health service). At the meeting, the professionals will discuss the best response to the allegations and the extent of risk that is posed towards the three children involved. There are several different options that can be decided. After careful consideration and agreement, it might be the general consensus that no further action is needed and the case will be subsequently dropped. However with this case study there is an allegation of physical abuse which would suggest the family would be in need of some kind of assistance, thus Ralph may be recognised as a child in need. Section 17 of the Children Act 1989 states a child is in need if he/she is unlikely to achieve or maintain a reasonable standard of health or development. [s. 17 (a)]. Ralph has not been attending school regularly. Subsequently this will lead to him falling behind and not developing educationally. Ralph has also started to drink alcohol and has also taken to staying out late, on one occasion not returning home until the following day. This behaviour obviously poses a risk to his health; nevertheless, it could also lead to a risk of significant harm. The threshold to identify when a need becomes a risk can vary depending on the professional making that assessment. Choosing to bring professionals together to a strategy meeting will ensure that the threshold is one that is safe and appropriate. The allegation from Ralph about his mother hitting him with a stick which was hard enough to cause severe bruising is without doubt a concerning factor. The strategy meeting would need to assess whether Ralph and/or his siblings were children in need (s 17) or whether there were rounds for a child protection enquiry. The Children Act 1989, section 47 states that the Local Authority must investigate if it has ‘reasonable cause‘ to suspect that a child is suffering significant harm. This is also known as a section 47 enquiry. Ralph says he has been the victim of physical abuse and that this was a reoccurring act. As a social worker I would have to investigate this further. The questions I would want to find answers to would include; Are Ralph’s siblings at risk from experiencing similar physical abuse? Is Ralph at risk of suffering from physical abuse if he returns home to his mother? I would also want to look further into the causes behind Ralph’s truancy and why he has started to engage in anti-social behaviour. Could this be a result of a breakdown in his relationship with his mother? Or are there problems with the home environment? When Ralph disclosed that his mother hit him with a stick, he said that he did not want anyone else to know. With this we encounter a conflict of what Ralph wishes and the professional duty of the worker. When working with young people it is important to make sure that they are aware of and understand the agency’s confidentiality policy. As a social worker I would explain to Ralph, within his level of understanding, that I will have to record some of the information he shares with me. However if he shares information that suggests that himself or someone else could be at risk of harm then this information will have to be shared appropriately and if required acted upon. As the social worker involved with this case, I would want to carry out an assessment before Ralph returns home to his Mother. However, Ralph is in foster care voluntarily which means that his mother can return him home as she wishes. Under section 20 of the Children Act 1989, any person who has parental responsibility for a child may at any time remove the child from accommodation provided by or on behalf of the Local Authority under this section [s. 20 (8) ]. Nonetheless, section 20 would be the most desirable option as it would be the least oppressive way to accommodate the young person while the assessment takes place. This would require cooperation from Kerry, Ralph’s mother. I would visit Kerry and try to explain the situation and the concerns that I and the other professionals had. This is likely to have a evastating impact on Kerry so this must be done in a sensitive way. The local authority is under obligation to work in partnership with the families of children in need or at risk. Sections 22 and 61 of the Children Act 1989 require local authorities and voluntary organisations to consult, where reasonably possible, with the child and the parents before making any decision in relation to the child (Block 3, p103). Before considering keeping Ralph in foster care, I would want to explore other options of residence. The case study does not mention Ralph’s birth father or whether he currently has a relationship with him. This would need to be investigated. There may also be other relatives who might be in a position to look after Ralph, for example; the possibility of living with Grandparent’s, Aunt’s and Uncle’s would be worth exploring. It may also be necessary to accommodate George and Dan while the assessment takes place. However, unlike Ralph, they appear to have a relationship with their father, Sam. Sam will have joint parental responsibility for George and Dan but as he is not the birth father for Ralph, he will not automatically have parental responsibility for him. However, he may obtain parental responsibility by obtaining an order from the court, or through a formal parental responsibility agreement with Kerry. Alternatively, Sam could apply for a residence order which settles the arrangements to be made as to the person with whom a child lives. There are two categories of applicant, those who can apply ‘as of right’ and those who require ‘leave of court’ (CA 1989, s. 8). As Ralph lived with his mother and Sam for six years, Sam could apply as of right. With all this said, a further initial assessment would need to be done on Sam prior to Ralph taking up residence with his step-father. Furthermore, it is very unlikely that Ralph would want to live with Sam, given his feelings that are stated in the case study. As with the parents being included in decision making in relation to the child, so must the child himself. As previously mentioned, the less oppressive option would be for Ralph to stay with a family member or to keep Ralph in his foster placement voluntarily. This would need to be with agreement from Kerry. However, in the event of Kerry not agreeing, there are other less favourable options to consider. The local authority may apply to the court for a section 31 or section 38 orders under the Children Act 1989. A section 31 court order can be given on the grounds that the child involved is suffering or likely to suffer significant harm due to the care being given to him, or likely to be given to him, or the child being beyond parental control [s. 31(2)]. In Ralph’s case I feel if a court order was required to accommodate him, a Section 38 would be more appropriate. An Interim care order (S. 38) granted by the court will give the local authority a period of time, for up to eight weeks, to investigate the child’s circumstances [s. 8(4) and (5)]. This would allow time to carry out an assessment on the needs of the family to identify if it is safe for Ralph to return home and to assess if there are any services that the family require to assist with the breakdown of the relationship. Before issuing a section 31 or 38 court order, the court must take into account some facto rs. Taking the child’s welfare as the paramount consideration, there should be a presumption that there is no order unless making one would be better for the child. This is also known as the ‘no order principle’. Both of these court orders also require a welfare checklist. The welfare checklist considers a range of factors before discharging an order including: The wishes of the child; any physical, emotional and educational needs; age, sex and any other characteristics that may be relevant; any harm suffered or at risk of suffering and the capability of the parents at meeting the child’s needs [ACA 2002, s1 (40)]. As a social worker I will be striving to achieve the best possible outcomes for the children I work with. The white paper, Every Child Matters identifies five areas of outcome: be health; stay safe; enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution and achieve economic wellbeing. (DfES, 2004) To summarise my hypothetical involvement with this case study, as a social work professional working within social work legislation I would firstly take the welfare of the child or children as my primary consideration. When assessing the circumstances of the family and intervening in such a case, I would do so in a way that was anti-oppressive, which would mean using the least intrusive means of power available. It would require me to be non-judgemental, treating each individual with respect in line with article 8 of the European Convention of Human Rights. I would ensure to work in a professional manner at all times, abiding by the GSCC code of practice (Codes of Practice, 2002). I would work closely with professionals, sharing information to those who need to know only. I would strive to achieve the best possible of the five outcomes for children and young people I would always adhere to lawful policies whilst continually reflecting and evaluating my own practice.