The History Use Of Prosthetics Health And Social Care Essay

The History Use Of prosthetics Health And Social Cargon EssayThe term Prosthesis can be defined as an semisynthetic replica that replaces human damaged or lost body part. In the field of arthroplasty or correlative replacement surgery, prosthetic crook is defined as an schmalzy joint that replaces the arthritis affected or damaged human articulation (i.e., bone joint). The primary objective of the arthroplasty is to relief patients from arthritis pain in addition with restoring joint functions. though in around of the cases the reason behind the arthroplasty is the arthritis pain, its nary(prenominal) only the reason. benevolent articulations can be damaged by severe impacts or unusual stresses. Prostheses ar usually made for human main joints such as hip, knee, articulatio cubiti, elevate, radiocarpal joint etc. Long term results of the arthroplasty depend to a ample extent on the quality of prosthesis implantation. The application of the robotics technology in the field of arthroplasty reduces the inaccuracy that occurred in conventional joint replacement surgery such as misalignment, rotation error, resection etc.On the other kick in, in the field of biomechatronics (i.e., the science of f utilise artificially intelligent devices with the human body), prosthesis is defined as an artificial substitute for a abstracted body part. Human offshoot amputation can causes collect to trauma, tumor, congenital, disease, etc. accord to biomechatronics, prostheses are considered as those which replace human lost arms and legs. The maturation of the biomechatronics provides multipurpose technology for the robotic prosthesis. Robotic prosthesis act as an extended body part of the amputees by using which amputees can be able to perform his/her daily bearing story activities and take care of them by using their own body functions. As a result, robotic prostheses provide an independent life and to a greater extent than productive role of these pot in t he society.In addition with the prostheses mentioned above, artificial eyes, teeth, artery, and heart valves are also correctly termed as prostheses.TRANSHUMERAL PROSTHESIS FOR ABOVE-ELBOW AMPUTEESTranshumeral Prosthesis can be defined as a prosthesis that is designed for the people who score lost their arm just above the elbow joint (i.e., above-elbow amputees). Human arm amputation can caused due to congenital (birth defect), tumor, trauma, disease, etc. circulatory disease, cancer and infections are considered as the major categories of disease which may require surgical removal of human arm. Moreover, the civil wars and more specifically wars in Sri Lanka, Iraq and Afghanistan producing an unprecedented number of amputees. Although nothing can ever become a perfect substitute for a missing arm, the intension of the transhumeral prosthesis is to compensate for the lost functions of the above-elbow (AE) amputees absent arm, so that they can lead an independent life and play more productive role in the society.HISTORICAL growth OF THE PROSTHETIC ARMProstheses have been found around for thousands of years, however real advancement and fabrication of the prostheses have started about 500 years ago 01. According to the medical museum exhibited at the University of Iowa titled History of Prostheses, earliest prostheses were used by soldiers dating back to 484 B.C. Hegesistratus a Persian soldier around 490 B.C. cut glowering part of his own feet in order to escape from the prison and later replaced it with a wooden foot 02. In 61 A.D., Pliny the Elder wrote about the papistical General Marcus Sergius who had lost his right arm during the Second Punic War (218-201 B.C.). Later he had replaced that by an iron arm to support his shield and he returned to battle 03. During the middle ages, 15th and 16th centuries cosmetic prostheses were usually made from iron. At that period, blacksmiths and armor makers designed the prostheses for the soldiers after modeling th eir suits of armor. In the 16th century, the great French arm surgeon Ambrose Pare, designed several limb prostheses in addition with practicing surgical amputation. In 1818, Peter Baliff appears to have been the first person to offer the use of the corpse and shoulder girdle muscles as sources of forefinger to move the prosthetic arm. In 1844, the first transhumeral amputation replacement used Baliffs principle to apply crease for the elbow joint 03. The prosthetic arm using this concept is termed as Mechanical or Body Powered prosthetic arm and still highly famous among the amputees society. By 1860, the Crimean and Italian campaigns of the French Empire left m whatsoever soldiers in need of prostheses, and their call was answered by the Comte de Beaufort 01 03. The Comte de Beaufort designed several limb prostheses using the articles of clothing, pulleys and levers. After the World War I and II, a tremendous loss of manpower in USA and Europe served as a catalyst for the spee dy development of the prosthetic arm. In 1948, N. Wiener proposed the concept of Cybernetics i.e., the study of control and communication between the human and the machine 04, which plays an important role later for the development of the prosthetic arm. In 1949, Samuel Anderson created the first electrically power prosthetic arm using the external power with support from the US Govt. and IBM. The first myoelectric arm was demonstrable by Russians in 1958 and later on Otto Bock Company revealed the commercially available prosthetic arm for general application which was the first made versions of the Russian design 03.CLASSIFICATION OF THE PROSTHETIC ARMprosthetic arms can be grouped into collar general categories1) Non-functional or Cosmetic Prosthetic build up As the name implies functioning of these prostheses has less priority than the appearance, weight, wearing comfort and easy handling. These are the oldest and available for 2000 years. Though cosmetic prostheses offer a m ore natural look and feel, they sacrifice functionality and versatility while also being relatively expensive 05.2) Mechanical or Body Powered Prosthetic Arm The power to operate these prostheses comes from the users own body. In this system, the user wears a harness that translates the shoulder motion into elbow flexion motion and action of gravity force generates the elbow point of reference motion. The earliest model of this prosthetic arm was the Ballif arm 06. These prosthetic arms are light weight and less expensive than the others however it requires giving amount of forces to actually move the elbow 07.3) Externally Powered Prosthetic Arm Most advanced commercially available prosthetic arm in which power to operate the prosthetic arm comes from the external sources such as electric motor and battery pack. Most of these prostheses are operated by using users rostrum arm muscles EMG signals. This type of prostheses provides greater proximal functions, increased cosmetic a ppeal simply also tend to be much heavier and expensive than any of the other categories 07.Present State and Proposed Transhumeral ProsthesisRecent progress in biomechatronics technology brings a lot of benefit to increase the mobility of above-elbow (AE) amputees in their daily life activities. A transhumeral or AE prosthetic arm is used to compensate for the lost functions of the AE amputees absent arm. A number of commercial prosthetic arms have been demonstrable since last few decades. However, many amputees have not used them due to the discrepancy between their expectations and the reality. The main factors causing a loss of interest in presently available prosthetic arms include low functionality and poor controllability 08.Since the concept of Cybernetics proposed by N. Wiener 04, a number of research works have already been carried out and are ongoing for the development of prosthetic arm. At present, Utah arm, Boston Elbow, and Otto Bock are considered as the pioneers i n this field which are shown in Fig. 1 09-12. However, currently, commercial prosthesis available on the market for the AE amputees provides a limited DOF. Most of these prostheses provide elbow flexion-extension motion with a termination device attached at the end. In addition to the elbow motion, almost prostheses provide arm supination-pronation motion and a single DOF at the terminal device for grasping object. Some passive DOF, which are useful to generate an optimal pre-determined configuration during performing certain tasks 13, are sometimes included in the prostheses. commercially available expensive cosmetic prostheses offer a more natural appearance and simple control. However, their dexterity is relatively very poor compared to the human arm. Human arm generates precise and daedal motions during daily life activities which are almost impossible to be generated by using a limited DOF prosthetic arm. As a result, the presently available commercial prostheses have faile d to gain wide acceptance among AE amputees.Figure 1 Commercially Available Externally Powered AE Prosthetic Arm 14.In order to improve the quality of life of AE amputees and to increase their mobility in daily life activities (like, eating, drinking, dressing, brushing etc.), a 5 DOF externally powered transhumeral prosthesis is proposed in this thesis. The prosthesis is designed to generate elbow flexion-extension, forearm supination-pronation, articulatio radiocarpea flexion-extension and radial tire-ulnar deviation, and hand grasp-release motion. Currently, no commercial transhumeral prosthesis provides a combination of wrist flexion-extension and radial-ulnar deviation motion, which have uttermost importance to perform daily life activities. In recent years, a number of prostheses capable of generating multi-DOF motion have been proposed for velocity limb amputees 13, 15-19. However, none of these provide a combination of forearm and 2 DOF wrist motion with the exception of an arm designed for above-wrist amputees to provide wrist flexion-extension and forearm motion 18.Bio-Mechanics of Human Upper LimbBefore develop a robotic arm system to mimic to the human arm, the physics of the human upper limb should be thoroughly studied. Accordingly the upper limb mainly consists of three major components, the shoulder complex, elbow complex and wrist joint. Mainly the shoulder complex is built with three bones, clavicle, shoulder blade and humerus and four articulations the glenohumeral, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular and scapulothoracic, with the thorax as a stable base.The only point of skeletal attachment of the upper extremity to the trunk occurs at the sternoclavicular (SC) joint. At this joint the clavicle joints to the sternum, the middle bones of the rib cages. The clavicle is connected to the scapula at its distal end via the acromioclavicular (AC) joint. At this joint, most of the movements of the scapula on the clavicle occur, and the joint han dles large contact stresses as a result of high axial loads that are transmitted through with(predicate) the joint.The scapula interfaces with the thorax via the scapulothoracic (ST) joint. This is not a typical articulation, connecting bone to bone. Rather, it is a physiological joint containing neurovascular, muscular, and bursal structures that allow for a smooth motion of the scapula on the thorax. The final articulation in the shoulder complex is the shoulder complex is the shoulder joint, or the glenohumeral (GH) joint. Motions of the shoulder joint are represented by the movements of the arm. This is a synovial ball-and-socket joint that offers the greatest range of motion and movement potential of any joint in the body.The shoulder complex can be mimic to a ball-and-socket joint and can be modeled accordingly. The proximal part of the humerus, humeral head and the female part of the scapula, glenoid cavity respectively act as the ball and the socket of the joint. The main m otion of the shoulder joints are shoulder flexion/extension, shoulder abduction/adduction and internal/external rotation. During this each motion, the position of the centre of rotation of the shoulder joint changes.The distal part of the humerus is connected to the elbow joint or the radioulnar joint. The elbow is considered a stable joint, with structural integrity, good ligamentous support, and good muscular support. It consists of three bones of the arm and the forearm, humerus, radius and ulna. Movements between the forearm and the arm takes place at the ulnohumeral and radio-humeral articulations, and movements between the radius and the ulna take place at the radioulnar articulations.The ulnohumeral joint is the articulation between the ulna and the humerus and is the major contributing joint to flexion and extension of the forearm. The joint is the union between the spool-like trochlea on the distal end of the humerus and the trochlear nerve notch on the ulna. The second joi nt participating in flexion and extension motion of the forearm is the radiohumeral joint. At the distal end of the humerus is the articulating surface for this joint, the capitulum, which is supheroidal and cover with cartilages on the anterior and inferior surface. The top of the round radial head butts up against the capitulum, allowing radial movement around the humerus during flexion and extension. The capitulum acts as a buttress for lateral compression and the other rotational forces absorbed during throwing and other rapid forearm movements. The third articulation, the radioulnar joint, establishes movement between the radius and the ulna in pronation and supination. There are actually twain radioulnar articulations, the superior in the elbow joint region and the inferior near the wrist. Also, midway between the elbow and the wrist is another fibrous connection between the radius and the ulnar, recognized by some as a third radioulnar articulation.The hand is primarily used for utilization activities requiring very fine movements incorporating a wide variety of hand and finger postures. Consequently, there is much interplay between the wrist joint positions and efficiency of finger actions. The hand region has many stable yet very mobile segments, with complex muscle and joint actions. The wrist consists of 10 small carpal bones but can be functionally divided into the radiocarpal and the midcarpal joints. The radiocarpal joint is the articulation where movement of the whole hand occurs. The radiocarpal joint involves the broad distal end of the radius and two carpals, the scaphoid and the lunate. There is also minimal contact and involvement with the trinquetrum. This ellipsoid joint allows movement in two planes flexion-extension and radial-ulnar flexion. It should be noted that wrist extension and radial and ulnar flexion primarily occur at the radiocarpal joint but a good portion of the wrist flexion is developed at the midcarpal jointsWrist moti ons are generated around an instantaneous center. The path of the centrode is small, however, customarily, the displacement of the instantaneous center of rotation is ignored and the rotation axes for the flexion/extension and ulna/radial deviation are considered to be fixed. The axes pass through the capitate, a carpal bone articulating with the third metacarpal. Although it is considered that wrist joint motions are generated with respect to the two axes, some research 11 has proved that the motions are generated with respect to four axes. The wrist flexion axis of rotation and the extension axis are different. Similarly the radial deviation axis and the ulnar deviation axis are also different. Therefore, the 2DOF of the wrist are through four axes. Although flexion and extension motions have different axes they are intersected in a point in capitates. Similarly, radial and ulnar deviations axes are also intersected. When we consider that flexion and extension motions have one axi s and similarly ulnar and radial deviations have one axis, the slight offset of the rotational axes of the flexion/extension and the radial/ulnar deviation is approximately 5 mm 8, 12.In addition the motion ranges of the upper limb are as follows.23G. Thompson and D. Lubic, The Bionic Arm New Prosthetic Devices Fuse Man and Machine, Seventh Annual appetizer Conf., pp. 1-8., April 5, 2007.History of Prostheses, 2008, UIhealthcare.com. Available at http//www.uihealthcare.com/depts/medmuseum/wallexhibits/body/histofpros/histofpros.htmlR. H. Meier, D. J. Atkins, Functional Restoration of Adults and Children with Upper Extremity Amputation, Demos health check Publishing Inc. New York, 2004.N. Wiener, CYBERNETICS or go for and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, MIT Press, 1948.S. Nasser, D. Rincon, and M. Rodriuez, Design of an Anthropomorphic Underactuated get through Prosthesis with Passive-Adaptive Grasping Capabilities, in Proc. of Florida Conf. on Recent Advances in of Robotics, Florida, May 25-26, 2006.W. J. Gaine, C. Smart, and M. B. Zachary, Upper Limb Traumatic Amputees check up on of Prosthetic Use, Journal of Hand Surgery, vol. 22B, no. 1, pp.73-76, 1997.J. A. Doeringer and N. Hogan, Performance of Above Elbow Body-Powered Prostheses in Visually Guided Unconstrained Motion Tasks, IEEE Trans. on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 42, no. 6, pp.621-633, 1995.M. C. Carrozza, P. Dario, F. Vecchi, S. Roccella, M. Zecca, and F. Sebastiani, The Cyberhand On the Design of a Cybernetic Prosthetic Hand Intended to be Interfaced to the Peripheral Nervous System, in Proc. of 2003 IEEE/RSJ Int. Conf. on Intelligent Robots and Systems, vol. 3, pp.2642-2647, 27-31 Oct., 2003.S. Lee and G. N. Saridis, The Control of a Prosthetic Arm by EMG Pattern Recognition, IEEE Trans. Auto. Contr., vol. 29, pp. 290-302, 1984.S. C. Jacobson, D. F. Knutti, R. T. Johnson, and H. H. Sears, Development of the Utah Artificial Arm, IEEE Trans. on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 29, n o. 4, pp. 249-269, April, 1982.R. N. Scott and P. A. Parker, Myoelectric Prostheses State of the Art, Journal of Medical Engineering and Technology, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 143-151, 1988.Otto Bock Arm Prostheses, Available at http//www.ottobock.com.M. Troncossi, V. P. Castelli, and A. Davalli, Design of Upper Limb Prostheses A New Subject-Oriented Approach, Journal of Mechanics in practice of medicine Biology, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 387-390, 2005.D. H. Plettenburg, Upper Extremity Prosthesis Current Status and Evaluation, VSSD Publications, 2006.A. Z. Escudero, J. Alvarez, and L. Leiza, Development of a Parallel Myoelectric Prosthesis for Above Elbow Replacement, in Proc. of Second joint EMBS/BMES Conf., pp. 2404-2405, Houston, TX, USA, Oct. 23-26, 2002,T. Tsuji, O. Fukuda, H. Shigeyoshi, and M. Kaneko Bio-Mimetic Impedance Control of an EMG-Controlled Prosthetic Hand, in Proc. of the IEEE/RSJ Intl. Conf. on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 377-382, 2000.O. Fukuda, T. Tsuji, M. Kane ko, and A. Otsuka, A Human-Assisting Manipulator Teleoperated by EMG Signals and Arm Motions, IEEE Trans. on Robotics and Automation, vol. 19, no. 2, pp.210-222, 2003.K. Ito, T. Tsuji, A. Kato, and M. Ito, An EMG Controlled Prosthetic Forearm in Three Degree of Freedom Using Ultrasonic Motors, in Proc. of IEEE Int. Conf. on Engineering and Biology Society, vol. 4, pp.1487-1488, 1992.Y. Saito, A. Ogawa, H. Negoto, and K. Ohnishi, Development of Intelligent Prosthetic Hand Adapted to Age and Body Shape, in Proc. of IEEE Int. Conf. on Rehabilitation Robotics, pp.384-389, Chicago, USA, 2005.C. P. Neu, J. J. Crisco and S. W. Wolfe, In Vivo Kinematic Behavior of the Radio-Capitate Joint during Wrist Flexion-Extension and Radio-Ulnar Deviation, J. Biomech., vol. 34, pp. 1429-1438, 2001.F. H. Martini, M. J. Timmons, and R. B. Tallitsch, Human Anatomy, Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc, 2003, ch. 8.Y. Youm, Design of a come Wrist Prosthesis, Ann. Biomed. Eng., vol. 12, pp. 247-262, 1984 .D.C Boone and S.P Azen, Normal Range of Motion of Joints in Male Subjects, in The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, vol. 61, pp.756-759, 1979. www.jbjs.org

Australia And War :: essays research papers

Name     Frank Trimboli          Teacher     Ms Meyers          Date      23/3/98Should Australia involve itself in wars which do non directly affect its security?Australia has involved itself in four wars where it has suffered substantial life loss and casualty. Those wars included realness war 1, World War 2, the Korean War and Vietnam. Did Australia have to involve itself in these wars? Did the lives of these young Australians have to be taken?There is a higher(prenominal) degree of complexity in this question. Should Australia, as a mature nation, be taking part in moral issues around the world even though they are not happening on our doorstep? Do we ignore the deaths in Bosnia, the starving millions in Biafra and Ethiopia, the worldwide environmental issues raised by Greenpeace? What is the end of developing alliances, both economic a nd military, with other countries? At stake, in all of these issues, is our desire for a better world to live in.In World War 1 (WW1), 1914-1918, Australian troops became involved in put up to give support to the "Mother Country". Great Britain only became involved after Germany did not respect the neutrality of Belgium. In the first world war, Australian soldiers participated in some of the bloodiest and most enduring battles known to man, and soon developed a gritty name for themselves. Of the 330 000 Aussie soldiers who took part in WW1, there were 211 500 casualties and over 60 000 deaths, a casualty rate much higher than that of several other participants.The Australian participation in WW2 was similar to that of WW1 in many ways. After the British declared war on Germany on September 3rd 1939, an Australian resolving power of war was automatic. Aussie troops were soon sent to different parts of the world to help the British and other allied countries. It was not unt il late 1941 that they were recalled in order to defend the homefront. Darwin had been suddenly attacked by Japanese planes and small enemy submarines had snuck into Sydney Harbour. Darwin was repeatedly bombed by Japanese planes until July 1941, when along with American troops, the Aussies managed to drive them out of the Solomon Islands and northeastern naked as a jaybird Guinea and eliminate a strong Japanese base at Rabaul. Without General MacArthurs troops, the enemy may very well have invaded Australia. This illustrates the importance of alliances. over 926 000 Australians fought in WW2, three times as many as in WW1. Of those 33 000 died, only half as many as in WW1.

Drug Legalization :: essays research papers

Just say no? This is not exactly the philosophy that the vast majority of the United States population tends to follow. Drugs provoke proceed a routine aspect of everyday life in the United States. Neither a gigantic metropolis nor a minute town have gone without feeling the everlasting effects of drugs. Drug use has always posed a major dilemma for America to overcome. The banning of illegal drugs takes some(prenominal) back to the days of the Prohi deedion problems involving the banishment of alcohol. Prohibition obviously did not work in the 1920s, and some modern day people feel that making drugs legal would solve the constantly rising drug problem. In his article Facing up to Drugs Is Legalization the Solution?, Pete Hamill presents both sides of the argument very thoroughly. utilize tremendous techniques in both writing and in major points, the author persuades the reader to give a great deal of consideration to the authors belief that legalization is the answer to America s drug problem. In delivering his points to the reader, Hamill effectively makes good use of internal structure. Initially, the point of view utilized in this article exhibits an interesting way that the reader can personalize himself with the article. The constant use of I in the article lets the reader know that the author has had first hand experience with the drug issue. The first person point of view also reinforces the fact that this article is completely based on the ideas and beliefs of Hamill. In addition, playing a key role in this article, the audience remains convinced via the effective techniques in writing. In general, this article reaches out to everyone in the United States, and perchance the rest of the world. However, this article targets powerful individuals, and those in the government who can make an impact on the drug world. This illustrates the whit of Hamill in that he discreetly makes a statement to high ranking officials. Most importantly, the tone in wh ich the author reveals with dignity gives a sense of truthfulness to the reader. The author overall writes seriously, but with a touch of sarcasm here and there. Adding to the seriousness, the authors realistic approach to the situation on drugs tells the reader that the author means every last bit of what he is saying.Although numerous internal writing techniques remain evident, some of the major points that Hamill illustrates in his article prove very effective.

Bipolar Disorder and the Creative Genius Essay -- Biology Essays Resea

Bipolar Disorder and the Creative GeniusBipolar disorder, also cognise as frantic depression, is a psychopathology that affects approximately 1% of the population. (1) hostile unipolar disorder, also known as major affective disorder or depression, bipolar disorder is characterized by vacillating between periods of elation (either passionateness or hypomania) and depression. (1, 2) Bipolar disorder is also not an illness that remedies itself over clip people affected with manic depression are manic-depressives for their entire lives. (2, 3) For this reason, researchers retain been struggling to, first, more than(prenominal) quickly diagnose the onset of bipolar disorder in a patient and, second, to more effectively treat it. (4) As more and more studies have been performed on this disease, the peculiar occurrence between extreme creativity and manic depression have been uncovered, leaving scientists to deal with yet some other puzzling aspect of the psychopathology. (5) Pat ients with bipolar disorder swing between major depressive, mixed, hypomanic, and manic episodes. (1-9) A major depressive episode is when the patient has either a gloomy whim or a loss of interest/ delectation in typical activities for a minimum of two weeks. Specific aloney, the patient should have (mostly) depressed mood for most of the day, nearly every day low interest or pleasure in activities weight loss or gain (a difference of 5% either way in the period of a month) insomnia or hypersomnia psychomotor storm or retardation fatigue or loss of energy diminished ability to think or concentrate feelings of worthlessness recurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation or attempt. It is important to note that, except for the last symptom, all of these symptoms must be ... ... of such caliber in these people is something to conserve. As more effective drug treatment is being sought after, hopefully thither will be medication that will permit the creative genius of the patien ts and spare them to function in society as well. Bibliography1. http//www.healthguide.com/Bipolar/BASICS.htm 2. Rescorla, Leslie. Psychology 209, irregular Psychology. Bryn Mawr College, Apr 1998. 3. http//www.Scruznet.com/Crawford/Madness/ 4. http//www.medscape.com/Medscape/M5/mh3183.bowden/mh3183.bowden.html 5. http//www.schizophrenia.com/ami/Cnsmer/creative.html 6. http//www.medscape.com/Medscape/M7/mh3206.bowden/mh3206.bowden.html 7. http//www.cmhc.com/disorders/sx20.htm 8. http//www.usask.ca/psychiatry/bipolar2.html 9. http//www.mhsource.com/edu/psytimes/p960533.html 10. http//www.pendulum.org/misc/famous.htm Bipolar Disorder and the Creative Genius Essay -- Biology Essays ReseaBipolar Disorder and the Creative GeniusBipolar disorder, also known as manic depression, is a psychopathology that affects approximately 1% of the population. (1) Unlike unipolar disorder, also known as major affective disorder or depression, bipolar disorder is characterized by vaci llating between periods of elation (either mania or hypomania) and depression. (1, 2) Bipolar disorder is also not an illness that remedies itself over time people affected with manic depression are manic-depressives for their entire lives. (2, 3) For this reason, researchers have been struggling to, first, more quickly diagnose the onset of bipolar disorder in a patient and, second, to more effectively treat it. (4) As more and more studies have been performed on this disease, the peculiar occurrence between extreme creativity and manic depression have been uncovered, leaving scientists to deal with yet another puzzling aspect of the psychopathology. (5) Patients with bipolar disorder swing between major depressive, mixed, hypomanic, and manic episodes. (1-9) A major depressive episode is when the patient has either a depressed mood or a loss of interest/pleasure in normal activities for a minimum of two weeks. Specifically, the patient should have (mostly) depressed mood for most of the day, nearly every day diminished interest or pleasure in activities weight loss or gain (a difference of 5% either way in the period of a month) insomnia or hypersomnia psychomotor agitation or retardation fatigue or loss of energy diminished ability to think or concentrate feelings of worthlessness recurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation or attempt. It is important to note that, except for the last symptom, all of these symptoms must be ... ... of such caliber in these people is something to conserve. As more effective drug treatment is being sought after, hopefully there will be medication that will permit the creative genius of the patients and allow them to function in society as well. Bibliography1. http//www.healthguide.com/Bipolar/BASICS.htm 2. Rescorla, Leslie. Psychology 209, Abnormal Psychology. Bryn Mawr College, Apr 1998. 3. http//www.Scruznet.com/Crawford/Madness/ 4. http//www.medscape.com/Medscape/M5/mh3183.bowden/mh3183.bowden.html 5. http//www.schizo phrenia.com/ami/Cnsmer/creative.html 6. http//www.medscape.com/Medscape/M7/mh3206.bowden/mh3206.bowden.html 7. http//www.cmhc.com/disorders/sx20.htm 8. http//www.usask.ca/psychiatry/bipolar2.html 9. http//www.mhsource.com/edu/psytimes/p960533.html 10. http//www.pendulum.org/misc/famous.htm

The finacial crisi of the French Revolution :: essays research papers

How Serious Was The Pre-Revolutionary Financial Crisis Between 1786-88, And How Significant Was The Clash Between The Notables And Calonne In FailingTo Solve It?On the twentieth of august 1786 Charles Alexandre de Calonne, comptroller-general of the royal finances, informed tabby Louis XVI that the stir was on the verge of a pecuniary melt master. Whilst non having exact details to the financial figures to show the full extent of the problem, it is neer the less(prenominal) recognized that France was in serious financial difficulty. What then did Calonne propose to sort this financial mess out? How was he to convince the King and the Notables that France was in financial danger and to give backing to his solutions? This essay will attempt to answer such questions by examining the financial crisis France was in and by looking at Calonnes proposals in which to solve it. We shall also examine his failure to convince the Notables and the steps to his acrimonious dismissal.First th en lets look at the financial state of affairs concord to Calonnes calculations the total revenue for France in 1786 would amount to 475 one thousand thousand livres. The problem was though, that expenditure would come to a total of approximately 587 million livres. That meant a deficit of 112 million roughly a fifth of the entire annual revenue. This rise in deficit was due to a huge increase in state acquire since 1777. As a result of the huge amounts of money the state was borrowing there was also the huge rise in the annual amuse and repayments that the treasury had to dispurse. Indeed since 1777, Calonne claimed that ariubd 1,250 million livres had been borrowed. A lot of this borrowing was due to financing the various wars that french kings of the eighteenth century were prone to fighting. The last one, French pursuit in the American Civil War between 1778-83, had a crippling effect on the economy and was substantial in rendering it down to the attitude that Calonne had announced to Louis XVI. What then did the comptroller-general propose to do? To be fair to Calonne he was not lucky enough to have a myriad of options for him to lap with. For pattern it would be natural to think that in a time of economic crisis, an increase in tax would be an obvious step- yet not so for Calonne. France was already regarded as one of the most highly taxed states in Europe, and the average Frenchman was already feeling the burden of the Kings borrowing.The finacial crisi of the French Revolution essays research written document How Serious Was The Pre-Revolutionary Financial Crisis Between 1786-88, And How Significant Was The Clash Between The Notables And Calonne In FailingTo Solve It?On the twentieth of august 1786 Charles Alexandre de Calonne, comptroller-general of the royal finances, informed King Louis XVI that the state was on the verge of a financial meltdown. Whilst not having exact details to the financial figures to show the full extent of the p roblem, it is never the less recognized that France was in serious financial difficulty. What then did Calonne propose to sort this financial mess out? How was he to convince the King and the Notables that France was in financial danger and to give backing to his solutions? This essay will attempt to answer such questions by examining the financial crisis France was in and by looking at Calonnes proposals in which to solve it. We shall also examine his failure to convince the Notables and the steps to his acrimonious dismissal.First then lets look at the financial situation according to Calonnes calculations the total revenue for France in 1786 would amount to 475 million livres. The problem was though, that expenditure would come to a total of approximately 587 million livres. That meant a deficit of 112 million roughly a fifth of the entire annual revenue. This rise in deficit was due to a huge increase in state borrowing since 1777. As a result of the huge amounts of money the s tate was borrowing there was also the huge rise in the annual interest and repayments that the treasury had to dispurse. Indeed since 1777, Calonne claimed that ariubd 1,250 million livres had been borrowed. A lot of this borrowing was due to financing the various wars that French kings of the eighteenth century were prone to fighting. The last one, French involvement in the American Civil War between 1778-83, had a crippling effect on the economy and was substantial in rendering it down to the situation that Calonne had announced to Louis XVI. What then did the comptroller-general propose to do? To be fair to Calonne he was not lucky enough to have a myriad of options for him to work with. For instance it would be natural to think that in a time of economic crisis, an increase in tax would be an obvious step- yet not so for Calonne. France was already regarded as one of the most highly taxed states in Europe, and the average Frenchman was already feeling the burden of the Kings bor rowing.

Capital Punishment is State Sanctioned Murder Essay example -- Argumen

Capital Punishment is State Sanctioned Murder     Capital punishment is state sanctioned, premeditated murder.  It is morally, ethically, and socially wrong.   Murder is the learned kill of one person by another.  Capital punishment does just that.  It takes the life of one person and uses another, the executioner, to do it.  In the state of Indiana, the warden of the state prison acts as the executioner.  The killing takes place before the hour of sunrise on a fixed day.  The warden, executioner, flips a switch that sends electrical current into the body of the convicted prisoner, frankincense ending the prisoners life.  What happens during the execution is one persons life is intentionally ended by the act of another.  The difference, however, is that capital punishment is condoned by the state.  The states Supreme Court, Appeals Court, Superior courts, and prosecutors all prank an important role in condoning the use of capital punishment.   Many precautions are taken to ensure that all due process rights are given to the offender.  I wonder how many times we vex process an innocent man or woman?  Last month, in the state of Virginia, a man was executed for the brutal rape and murder of his sister-in-law.  Throughout his 11 year stay on death row, he claimed he was not guilty of this crime.  We may neer know the truth, yet his life was ended.  If his innocence could be proven today, there would be no way to reverse the punishment.  There is no doubt that we have executed innocent people in this country.   Throughout our lives we are taught that it is wrong to take the life of ... ...ustice that is being served?  In my involvement with offenders on death row, I see the pain of their families as they go through the appeals process hoping and praying that their loved ones sentence be overturned.   The use of the death penalty shows us that revenge is esteemed in our society.  The cost of incarcerating an offender for their lifetime is much less than the cost of executing that same offender.  In spite of the lower cost to imprison, we continue to execute offenders.  To me, this mindset shows a system that considers the death of another to be a victory.   Murder and capital punishment are synonymous.  Both consist of the intentional killing of a human being.  Both are morally, ethically, and socially wrong.  The only difference is one form of killing is considered to be lawful.  

The Common Origins of the World’s Major Religions Essay -- Essays Pape

The Common Origins of the Worlds Major Religionsall(a) too often in modern society it is the differences and conflicts that serve to separate religious groups that are emphasized. The mainstream media, fundamentalists propaganda, and other sources choose to ignore the numerous similarities that many religions share, and instead focus on the divisive elements. In this paper, I will attempt to shed light on the many commonalities in dogma that I believe exist between the major(ip) religions of the world. I also want to illustrate the fact that in addition to having similar core teachings, many religions stick out histories that have either endured or arisen during measure of persecution. It is ironic that in many cases, the persecution that a particular group faces happens to be at the hands of the mainstream of a society who at one time or another had been persecuted themselves for their religious dogmas. Throughout the history of civilization, religion has played an essentia l role in many societies. There are many reasons why religions have played such a prominent role in defining the culture of a society, but arguably the most notable of these reasons is that a belief or reliance in a spiritual or divine power can add meaning and significance to may peoples worldly lives. This phenomenon has proven to be especially true amongst persecuted peoples. One of the reasons why persecuted peoples have shown a great propensity for holding steadfast religious beliefs is that their faith can give them a sense of hope and reason for living despite the terrible conditions of persecution. Evidence of this can be seen in the Jewish, Christian, and Islamic societies. All three of these societies have been subjected to varying forms of pers... ...micro as well as macro levels.Works CitedArmstrong, Karen. The Battle for God. New York ergodic House, Inc. 2000.Armstrong, Karen. Islam. New York The Modern Library. 2000.Chilton, Bruce. Rabbi Jesus. New York Random House, Inc. 2000.Encyclopedia Britannica 2002Herman, A.L. A Brief Introduction to Hinduism. Boulder Westview Press. 1991.Humphreys, Christmas. Exploring Buddhism. London George Allen & Unwin Ltd. 1974.Kauffman, William E. Contemporary Jewish Philosophies. New York University Press of America. 1985.Iftekhar, Mahmood. Islam Beyond Terrorists and Terrorism. Lanham University Press of America. 2000.Christians Try to Recapture Jewish Roots, http//www.jewishaz.com/jewishnews/970418/christan.shtmlhttp//www.religioustolerance.org/jainism.htmhttp//www.ops.org/scrtec/india/jainism.htmlwww.beliefnet.com